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      Prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Background: Diabetes is referred to a group of diseases characterized by high glucose levels in blood. It is caused by a deficiency in the production or function of insulin or both, which can occur because of different reasons, resulting in protein and lipid metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to systematically review the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world.

          Methods: A systematic search of resources was conducted to investigate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world. The databases of Medline (via PubMed and Ovid),ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 1980 to September 2019 were searched to locate English articles. The located articles were screened in multiple levels of title, abstract,and full-text and final studies that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved and included in the study.

          Results: From 1202 located articles, 193 studies were included in this systematic review. The results of meta-analysis showed that the incidence of type 1 diabetes was 15 per 100,000 people and the prevalence was 9.5% (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.12) in the world, which was statistically significant.

          Conclusion: According to the results, the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes are increasing in the world. As a result, insulin will be difficult to access and afford, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries.

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          Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group.

          J Tuomilehto, R Laporte, Henna Karvonen … (2000)
          To investigate and monitor the patterns in incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. The incidence of type 1 diabetes (per 100,000 per year) from 1990 to 1994 was determined in children 350-fold variation in the incidence among the 100 populations worldwide. The global pattern of variation in incidence was evaluated by arbitrarily grouping the populations with a very low ( or =20/100,000 per year) incidence. Of the European populations, 18 of 39 had an intermediate incidence, and the remainder had a high or very high incidence. A very high incidence (> or =20/ 100,000 per year) was found in Sardinia, Finland, Sweden, Norway Portugal, the U.K., Canada, and New Zealand. The lowest incidence (<1/100,000 per year) was found in the populations from China and South America. In most populations, the incidence increased with age and was the highest among children 10-14 years of age. The range of global variation in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes is even larger than previously described. The earlier reported polar-equatorial gradient in the incidence does not seem to be as strong as previously assumed, but the variation seems to follow ethnic and racial distribution in the world population.
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            The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century.

            E. Gale (2002)
            The incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes increased worldwide in the closing decades of the 20th century, but the origins of this increase are poorly documented. A search through the early literature revealed a number of useful but neglected sources, particularly in Scandinavia. While these do not meet the exacting standards of more recent surveys, tentative conclusions can be drawn concerning long-term changes in the demography of the disease. Childhood type 1 diabetes was rare but well recognized before the introduction of insulin. Low incidence and prevalence rates were recorded in several countries over the period 1920-1950, and one carefully performed study showed no change in childhood incidence over the period 1925-1955. An almost simultaneous upturn was documented in several countries around the mid-century. The overall pattern since then is one of linear increase, with evidence of a plateau in some high-incidence populations and of a catch-up phenomenon in some low-incidence areas. Steep rises in the age-group under 5 years have been recorded recently. The disease process underlying type 1 diabetes has changed over time and continues to evolve. Understanding why and how this produced the pandemic of childhood diabetes would be an important step toward reversing it.
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              Thirty Years of Prospective Nationwide Incidence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes

              Yonas Berhan, Ingeborg Waernbaum, Torbjörn Lind … (2011)
              OBJECTIVE During the past few decades, a rapidly increasing incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been reported from many parts of the world. The change over time has been partly explained by changes in lifestyle causing rapid early growth and weight development. The current study models and analyzes the time trend by age, sex, and birth cohort in an exceptionally large study group. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The present analysis involved 14,721 incident cases of T1D with an onset of 0–14.9 years that were recorded in the nationwide Swedish Childhood Diabetes Registry from 1978 to 2007. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models. RESULTS Age- and sex-specific incidence rates varied from 21.6 (95% CI 19.4–23.9) during 1978–1980 to 43.9 (95% CI 40.7–47.3) during 2005–2007. Cumulative incidence by birth cohort shifted to a younger age at onset during the first 22 years, but from the birth year 2000 a statistically significant reversed trend (P < 0.01) was seen. CONCLUSIONS Childhood T1D increased dramatically and shifted to a younger age at onset the first 22 years of the study period. We report a reversed trend, starting in 2000, indicating a change in nongenetic risk factors affecting specifically young children.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Promot Perspect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Promot Perspect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Health Promot Perspect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TBZMED
                Title: Health Promotion Perspectives
                Publisher: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Electronic): 2228-6497
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 March 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 98-115
                Affiliations
                1Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                2Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                3Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                4Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                5Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: Morteza Ghojazadeh, Email: ghojazadehm@ 123456hotmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8108-5979
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-9452
                Article
                DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.18
                PMC ID: 7146037
                PubMed ID: 32296622
                SO-VID: 808ff34f-d588-4e50-ab11-84125ea7cced
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s).
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 September 2019
                Date accepted : 26 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 3, References: 216
                Categories
                Subject: Systematic Review

                Keywords: diabetes mellitus,incidence,prevalence,systematic review,type 1,world
                Data availability:
                Keywords: diabetes mellitus, incidence, prevalence, systematic review, type 1, world

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