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      A far-field radio-frequency experimental exposure system with unrestrained mice

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          Abstract

          Many studies have been performed on exploring the effects of radio-frequency (RF) energy on biological function in vivo. In particular, gene expression results have been inconclusive due, in part, to a lack of a standardized experimental procedure. This research describes a new far field RF exposure system for unrestrained murine models that reduces experimental error. The experimental procedure includes the materials used, the creation of a patch antenna, the uncertainty analysis of the equipment, characterization of the test room, experimental equipment used and setup, power density and specific absorption rate experiment, and discussion. The result of this research is an experimental exposure system to be applied to future biological studies.

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          Antenna Theory Analysis and Design

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            Searching for the Perfect Wave: The Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on Cells

            There is a growing concern in the population about the effects that environmental exposure to any source of “uncontrolled” radiation may have on public health. Anxiety arises from the controversial knowledge about the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to cells and organisms but most of all concerning the possible causal relation to human diseases. Here we reviewed those in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological works that gave a new insight about the effect of radio frequency (RF) exposure, relating to intracellular molecular pathways that lead to biological and functional outcomes. It appears that a thorough application of standardized protocols is the key to reliable data acquisition and interpretation that could contribute a clearer picture for scientists and lay public. Moreover, specific tuning of experimental and clinical RF exposure might lead to beneficial health effects.
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              An Empirical Formula for Broad-Band SAR Calculations of Prolate Spheroidal Models of Humans and Animals

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jared.Hansen@ndsu.edu
                Sajid.Asif@ndsu.edu
                Lauren.n.singelmann@ndsu.edu
                mskj786@hotmail.com
                sumit.ghosh@und.edu
                t.gustad@ndsu.edu
                curt.doetkott@ndsu.edu
                benjamin.braaten@ndsu.edu
                dan.ewert@ndsu.edu
                Journal
                Springerplus
                Springerplus
                SpringerPlus
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                2193-1801
                4 November 2015
                4 November 2015
                2015
                : 4
                : 669
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept 2480, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA
                [ ]Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
                [ ]Statistics Consulting Services, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
                [ ]Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
                [ ]Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institution of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan
                Article
                1433
                10.1186/s40064-015-1433-5
                4633526
                849dda4d-7f63-4ef8-a435-34a21e4001f8
                © Hansen et al. 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 25 June 2015
                : 13 October 2015
                Categories
                Methodology
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Uncategorized
                in vivo,microstrip,radio-frequency,specific absorption rate
                Uncategorized
                in vivo, microstrip, radio-frequency, specific absorption rate

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