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      Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Transferrin Co-Modified Liposomes for Targeted Therapy of Glioma

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          Abstract

          Glioma is one of the most aggressive and common malignant brain tumors. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the effectiveness of therapeutics is greatly affected. In this work, to develop an efficient anti-glioma drug with targeting and which was able to cross the BBB, cell-penetrating peptides (R8) and transferrin co-modified doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded liposomes (Tf-LPs) were prepared. Tf-LPs possessed a spherical shape and uniform size with 128.64 nm and their ξ-potential was 6.81 mV. Tf-LPs were found to be stable in serum within 48 h. Uptake of Tf-LPs in both U87 and GL261 cells was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and by flow cytometry. Tf-LPs were efficiently taken up by both U87 and GL261 cells. Moreover, Tf-LPs exhibited sustained-release. The cumulative release of DOX from Tf-LPs reached ~50.0% and showed excellent anti-glioma efficacy. Histology of major organs, including brain, heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidney, and the bodyweight of mice, all indicated low toxicity of Tf-LPs. In conclusion, Tf-LPs showed great promise as an anti-glioma therapeutic agent.

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          Most cited references30

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          Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come.

          Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However, the efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is suboptimal. First, most cancer treatments lack specificity, meaning that these treatments affect both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Second, many anticancer agents are highly toxic, and thus, limit their use in treatment. Third, a number of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are highly hydrophobic, which limits their utility in cancer therapy. Finally, many chemotherapeutic agents exhibit short half-lives that curtail their efficacy. As a result of these deficiencies, many current treatments lead to side effects, noncompliance, and patient inconvenience due to difficulties in administration. However, the application of nanotechnology has led to the development of effective nanosized drug delivery systems known commonly as nanoparticles. Among these delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, particularly liposomes, have shown to be quite effective at exhibiting the ability to: 1) improve the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; 2) lower the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs to normal tissues, and thus, reduce their toxic side effects; 3) increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs; and 4) offer a prolonged and controlled release of agents. This review will discuss the current state of lipid-based nanoparticle research, including the development of liposomes for cancer therapy, different strategies for tumor targeting, liposomal formulation of various anticancer drugs that are commercially available, recent progress in liposome technology for the treatment of cancer, and the next generation of lipid-based nanoparticles.
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            Paclitaxel loaded liposomes decorated with a multifunctional tandem peptide for glioma targeting.

            The treatment of glioma is a great challenge because of the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In order to reduce toxicity to the normal brain tissue and achieve efficient treatment, it is also important for drugs to specifically accumulate in the glioma foci and penetrate into the tumor core after entering into the brain. In this study, a specific ligand cyclic RGD peptide was conjugated to a cell penetrating peptide R8 to develop a multifunctional peptide R8-RGD. R8-RGD increased the cellular uptake of liposomes by 2-fold and nearly 30-fold compared to separate R8 and RGD respectively, and displayed effective penetration of three-dimensional glioma spheroids and BBB model in vitro. In vivo studies showed that R8-RGD-lipo could be efficiently delivered into the brain and selectively accumulated in the glioma foci after systemic administration in C6 glioma bearing mice. When paclitaxel (PTX) was loaded in liposomes, R8-RGD-lipo could induce the strongest inhibition and apoptosis against C6 cells and finally achieved the longest survival in intracranial C6 glioma bearing mice. In conclusion, all the results indicated that the tandem peptide R8-RGD was a promising ligand possessing multi functions including BBB transporting, glioma targeting and tumor penetrating. And R8-RGD-lipo was proved to be a potential anti-glioma drug delivery system.
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              Glioma targeting and blood-brain barrier penetration by dual-targeting doxorubincin liposomes.

              Effective chemotherapy for glioblastoma requires a carrier that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequently target the glioma cells. Dual-targeting doxorubincin (Dox) liposomes were produced by conjugating liposomes with both folate (F) and transferrin (Tf), which were proven effective in penetrating the BBB and targeting tumors, respectively. The liposome was characterized by particle size, Dox entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release profile. Drug accumulation in cells, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, and drug transport across the BBB in the dual-targeting liposome group were examined by using bEnd3 BBB models. In vivo studies demonstrated that the dual-targeting Dox liposomes could transport across the BBB and mainly distribute in the brain glioma. The anti-tumor effect of the dual-targeting liposome was also demonstrated by the increased survival time, decreased tumor volume, and results of both hematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling analysis. The dual-targeting Dox liposome could improve the therapeutic efficacy of brain glioma and were less toxic than the Dox solution, showing a dual-targeting effect. These results indicate that this dual-targeting liposome can be used as a potential carrier for glioma chemotherapy. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                30 September 2019
                October 2019
                : 24
                : 19
                : 3540
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; wangxi1976@ 123456126.com (X.W.); zhaoyr16@ 123456mails.jlu.edu.cn (Y.Z.); sydong16@ 123456mails.jlu.edu.cn (S.D.)
                [2 ]Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; lee.1339@ 123456osu.edu
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai 519041, China; yds@ 123456jluzh.edu.cn
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zhang_huan1020@ 123456163.com (H.Z.); tenglesheng@ 123456jlu.edu.cn (L.T.); Tel.: +86-0431-8516-8646 (L.T.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3622-6303
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-5867
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-5384
                Article
                molecules-24-03540
                10.3390/molecules24193540
                6804123
                31574945
                8f3132bc-9c3d-42b3-bef2-64759460df46
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 August 2019
                : 25 September 2019
                Categories
                Article

                cell-penetrating peptides,targeting,glioma,blood-brain barrier

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