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      Effectiveness of case-based teaching of cardiovascular physiology in clinical pharmacy students

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aimed to formulate and implement a case-based cardiovascular physiology module for second year clinical pharmacy (CP) students. We also evaluated the students' feedback and compared the academic performance between a case-based teaching (CBT) group and a traditional didactic lectures (TDL) group.

          Methods

          This descriptive quantitative study was conducted on 181 students who were divided into two groups. Group 1 (77 students) underwent TDL and the same topics were delivered to Group 2 (94 students) through CBT. A written examination was conducted at the end of both modules. A validated questionnaire was used to obtain feedback from the CBT group regarding CBT and their assessment grades (response rate - 93.6%).

          Results

          Students' feedback about CBT was positive. The majority of students, 63 (72%), preferred learning and understanding through CBT, finding it an enjoyable experience. Participants stated that CBT stimulated critical thinking (67; 76%) and linked theory to practice (69, 78%). Furthermore, 70 (80%) preferred this type of teaching and assessment in the future and 70 (80%) agreed to include CBT in all preclinical subjects. Students feedback was supported by exam results: the mean percentage of exam scores in the CBT group was significantly higher in comparison to the TDL group (81.2% vs. 79%, p value <0.05). Further comparison within the CBT group revealed improved student performance in “case-based” as compared to “conventional” questions (82.75% vs. 80%, p value <0.05).

          Conclusion

          Students greatly appreciated CBT, as it stimulated logical thinking and active participation in the class, resulting in improved performance in exams.

          الملخص

          أهداف البحث

          هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى صياغة وتنفيذ وحدة وظائف الجهاز القلبي الوعائي بنظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة وذلك لطلبة السنة الثانية للصيدلة الإكلينيكية. كما قمنا بتقويم مرئيات الطلبة وتمت مقارنة الأداء الأكاديمي لمجموعة الطلبة الذين تم تدريسهم بنظام التدريس القائم على الحالة مع مجموعة الطلبة الذين تلقوا المحاضرات التعليمية التقليدية.

          طرق البحث

          أجريت هذه الدراسة الوصفية الكمية على ١٨١ طالبا الذين تم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين. وخضعت المجموعة ١ (٧٧ طالبا) إلى المحاضرات التعليمية التقليدية وتلقت المجموعة ٢ (٩٤ طالبا) نفس الموضوعات بنظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة. تم إجراء امتحان كتابي في نهاية كلا الوحدتين. وتم استخدام استبانة موثقة للحصول على المرئيات حيال نظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة ودرجات التقييم من جميع المجموعات وكانت نسبة الاستجابة ٩٣.٦٪.

          النتائج

          كانت ردود الطلاب حول نظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة إيجابية، وذكر معظم الطلاب ٦٣ (٧٢٪) أنهم يفضلون نظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة الذي جعل التعلم والفهم تجربة ممتعة. كما ذكر المشاركون أن التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة حفز التفكير النقدي (٦٧; ٧٦٪) وساهم في ربط النظرية بالممارسة (٦٩؛ ٧٨٪). وعلاوة على ذلك، فضل ٧٠ (٨٠٪) منهم هذا النوع من التدريس والتقييم في المستقبل، واتفق ٧٠ (٨٠٪) على تضمين نظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة في جميع المواد ما قبل السريرية. كما جاءت نتائج الاختبارات متوافقة مع مرئيات الطلبة، حيث كان متوسط النسبة المئوية لدرجات الاختبار في مجموعة التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة أعلى بكثير مقارنة بالمجموعة التي تلقت المحاضرات التعليمية التقليدية. كشفت مقارنة أخرى داخل مجموعة التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة عن تحسن في أداء الطلاب في الأسئلة ”المستندة إلى حالة“ مقارنة بالأسئلة التقليدية.

          الاستنتاجات

          في هذه الدراسة، يحظى نظام التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة على تقدير كبير من قبل الطلاب لأنه يحفز التفكير المنطقي والمشاركة النشطة في الفصل، مما يؤدي إلى تحسين الأداء في الاختبارات.

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          Most cited references31

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          Case-Based Learning and its Application in Medical and Health-Care Fields: A Review of Worldwide Literature

          Introduction Case-based learning (CBL) is a newer modality of teaching healthcare. In order to evaluate how CBL is currently used, a literature search and review was completed. Methods A literature search was completed using an OVID© database using PubMed as the data source, 1946-8/1/2015. Key words used were “Case-based learning” and “medical education”, and 360 articles were retrieved. Of these, 70 articles were selected to review for location, human health care related fields of study, number of students, topics, delivery methods, and student level. Results All major continents had studies on CBL. Education levels were 64% undergraduate and 34% graduate. Medicine was the most frequently represented field, with articles on nursing, occupational therapy, allied health, child development and dentistry. Mean number of students per study was 214 (7–3105). The top 3 most common methods of delivery were live presentation in 49%, followed by computer or web-based in 20% followed by mixed modalities in 19%. The top 3 outcome evaluations were: survey of participants, knowledge test, and test plus survey, with practice outcomes less frequent. Selected studies were reviewed in greater detail, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of CBL, comparisons to Problem-based learning, variety of fields in healthcare, variety in student experience, curriculum implementation, and finally impact on patient care. Conclusions CBL is a teaching tool used in a variety of medical fields using human cases to impart relevance and aid in connecting theory to practice. The impact of CBL can reach from simple knowledge gains to changing patient care outcomes.
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            Problem-based learning versus lecture-based learning in postgraduate medical education.

            The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of problem-based learning in comparison with lecture-based learning in a postgraduate medical training program concerning the management of mental health problems for occupational health physicians. A randomized controlled trial in 1999, with a mean follow-up of 14 months after the educational intervention, was used involving postgraduate medical education and training for occupational health physicians in The Netherlands, with 118 physicians in training as occupational health physicians. The experimental program was based on the principles of problem-based learning; the control program used the traditional lecture-based approach. Both programs were aimed at improving knowledge of and performance in the occupational management of work-related mental health problems. As the main outcome measures, knowledge tests consisting of true-or-false and open-answer questions and performance in practice based on self-reports and performance indicators were used. Satisfaction with the course was rated by the participants. In both groups, knowledge had increased equally directly after the programs and decreased equally after the follow-up. The gain in knowledge remained positive. The performance indicator scores also increased in both groups, but significantly more so in the problem-based group. The problem-based group was less satisfied with the course. Both forms of postgraduate medical training are effective. In spite of less favorable evaluations, the problem-based program appeared to be more effective than the lecture-based program in improving performance. Both programs, however, were equally effective in improving knowledge levels.
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              Problem-Based Versus Conventional Curricula: Influence on Knowledge and Attitudes of Medical Students Towards Health Research

              Background Medical education curricula in developing countries should emphasize training in health research. This study compares the knowledge and attitudes towards health research between undergraduate medical students undertaking Problem Based Learning (PBL) versus conventional Lecture Based Learning (LBL). Methods Two groups comprising 66 (LBL) and 84 (PBL) 4th and 5th year students from the medical college of Aga Khan University were administered a structured and validated questionnaire. Knowledge and attitudes of the two groups were recorded on a scale (graduated in percentages) and compared for statistical difference. Results PBL students scored 54.0% while LBL students scored 55.5% on the knowledge scale [p-value; 0.63]. On the attitudes scale, PBL students scored 75.5% against a 66.7% score of LBL students [p-value; 0.021]. A higher proportion of PBL students (89%) had participated in research activities compared to LBL students (74%) and thus felt more confident in conducting research and writing a scientific paper. Conclusion The PBL students showed slightly healthier attitudes towards health research compared to LBL students. Both groups demonstrated a similar level of knowledge about health research. The positive impact of the PBL curriculum on attitudes of medical students towards health research may help in improving research output from developing countries in future.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Taibah Univ Med Sci
                J Taibah Univ Med Sci
                Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences
                Taibah University
                1658-3612
                22 December 2020
                February 2021
                22 December 2020
                : 16
                : 1
                : 22-28
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam, KSA
                Author notes
                []Corresponding address: College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA. nryahmed@ 123456iau.edu.sa
                Article
                S1658-3612(20)30198-0
                10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.11.009
                7858009
                91da72dc-1f91-4e09-84e4-7e2b5fac439c
                © 2020 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 5 May 2020
                : 12 November 2020
                : 22 November 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                محاضرة تعليمية تقليدية,التدريس القائم على دراسة الحالة,وظائف الجهاز القلبي الوعائي,الصيدلة الإكلينيكية,المحاضرات التقليدية,cardiovascular physiology,case-based teaching,clinical pharmacy,traditional didactic lecture

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