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      Optimization of tunable guided-mode resonance filter based on refractive index modulation of graphene

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          Abstract

          To fabricate a tunable optical filter with a fast response in the near infrared region, a tunable guided-mode resonance (GMR) filter using graphene was proposed and its performance was optimized. In this study, a rigorous coupled wave analysis method was employed to systematically investigate the effects of geometrical configuration of graphene-integrated GMR filters and the optical properties of constituent materials including graphene on their spectral response in terms of tunability and extinction ratio. It was found that as the graphene is located close to the waveguide and the evanescent-field strength at the interface increases, the GMR filter exhibits better tunability. The bandwidth of the filter could be drastically reduced by adopting a low-index contrast grating layer, so that the extinction ratio of an optical signal could be greatly improved from 0.91 dB to 27.99 dB as the index contrast decreased from 0.99 to 0.47, respectively. Furthermore, new practical device designs, that is easy to fabricate and effectively implement the electric-field doping of graphene at low gate voltage, were also suggested and theoretically validated. These results demonstrate not only the excellent potential of a graphene-based tunable GMR filter but also provide practical design guidelines for optimizing the device performance.

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          Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene.

          Two-dimensional graphene monolayers and bilayers exhibit fascinating electrical transport behaviors. Using infrared spectroscopy, we find that they also have strong interband transitions and that their optical transitions can be substantially modified through electrical gating, much like electrical transport in field-effect transistors. This gate dependence of interband transitions adds a valuable dimension for optically probing graphene band structure. For a graphene monolayer, it yields directly the linear band dispersion of Dirac fermions, whereas in a bilayer, it reveals a dominating van Hove singularity arising from interlayer coupling. The strong and layer-dependent optical transitions of graphene and the tunability by simple electrical gating hold promise for new applications in infrared optics and optoelectronics.
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            Theory and applications of guided-mode resonance filters.

            The guided-mode resonance properties of planar dielectric waveguide gratings are presented and explained. It is shown that these structures function as filters that produce complete exchange of energy between forward- and backward-propagating diffracted waves with smooth line shapes and arbitrarily narrow filter linewidths. Simple expressions based on rigorous coupled-wave theory and on classical slab waveguide theory give a clear view and quantification of the inherent TE/TM polarization separation and the free spectral ranges of the filters. Furthermore, the resonance regimes, defining the parametric regions of the guided-mode resonances, can be directly visualized. It is shown that the linewidths of the resonances can be controlled by the grating modulation amplitude and by the degree of mode confinement (refractive-index difference at the boundaries). Examples presented of potential uses for these elements include a narrow-line polarized laser, a tunable polarized laser, a photorefractive tunable filter, and an electro-optic switch. The guided-mode resonance filter represents a basic new optical element with significant potential for practical applications.
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              New principle for optical filters

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kslee21@kist.re.kr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                27 December 2019
                27 December 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 19951
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000121053345, GRID grid.35541.36, Center for Electronic Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, ; Seoul, 02792 Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0840 2678, GRID grid.222754.4, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, ; Seoul, 02841 Korea
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1791 8264, GRID grid.412786.e, Department of Nanomaterials Science and Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, ; Daejeon, 34113 Korea
                Article
                56194
                10.1038/s41598-019-56194-4
                6934881
                31882593
                991a22b5-f572-41f3-a28e-c2d946a9d3c0
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 2 July 2019
                : 5 December 2019
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2019

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                materials for optics,theory and computation,optical materials and structures,materials science,nanoscience and technology,optics and photonics

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