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      What is beyond LncRNAs in breast cancer: A special focus on colon cancer-associated Transcript-1 (CCAT-1)

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          Abstract

          Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play a vital role in the process of malignant transformation. In breast cancer (BC), lncRNAs field is currently under intensive investigations. Yet, the role of lncRNAs as promising diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers and as therapeutic target/tool among BC patients still needs a special focus from the biomedical scientists. In BC, triple negative breast cancer patients (TNBC) are the unlucky group as they are always represented with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rates. For that reason, a special focus on TNBC and associated lncRNAs was addressed in this review. Colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT-1) is a newly discovered oncogenic lncRNA that has been emerged as a vital biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic interventions in multiple malignancies and showed differential expression among TNBC patients. In this review, the authors shed the light onto the general role of lncRNAs in BC and the specific functional activities, molecular mechanisms, competing endogenous ncRNA role of CCAT-1 in TNBC.

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)
          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta Stone of a hidden RNA language?

            Leonardo Salmena, Laura Poliseno, Yvonne Tay … (2011)
            Here, we present a unifying hypothesis about how messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long noncoding RNAs "talk" to each other using microRNA response elements (MREs) as letters of a new language. We propose that this "competing endogenous RNA" (ceRNA) activity forms a large-scale regulatory network across the transcriptome, greatly expanding the functional genetic information in the human genome and playing important roles in pathological conditions, such as cancer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Molecular portraits of human breast tumours.

              Charles Perou, Therese Sørlie, Michael B. Eisen … (2000)
              Human breast tumours are diverse in their natural history and in their responsiveness to treatments. Variation in transcriptional programs accounts for much of the biological diversity of human cells and tumours. In each cell, signal transduction and regulatory systems transduce information from the cell's identity to its environmental status, thereby controlling the level of expression of every gene in the genome. Here we have characterized variation in gene expression patterns in a set of 65 surgical specimens of human breast tumours from 42 different individuals, using complementary DNA microarrays representing 8,102 human genes. These patterns provided a distinctive molecular portrait of each tumour. Twenty of the tumours were sampled twice, before and after a 16-week course of doxorubicin chemotherapy, and two tumours were paired with a lymph node metastasis from the same patient. Gene expression patterns in two tumour samples from the same individual were almost always more similar to each other than either was to any other sample. Sets of co-expressed genes were identified for which variation in messenger RNA levels could be related to specific features of physiological variation. The tumours could be classified into subtypes distinguished by pervasive differences in their gene expression patterns.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1477 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rana A. Youness
                Mohamed Z. Gad
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Noncoding RNA Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Noncoding RNA Res
                Title: Non-coding RNA Research
                Publisher: KeAi Publishing
                ISSN (Electronic): 2468-0540
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 December 2021
                Publication date Collection: December 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 December 2021
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 174-186
                Affiliations
                [a ]Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
                [b ]Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
                [c ]School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, 11586, Cairo, Egypt
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt., r.youness@ 123456herts.ac.uk rana.youness21@ 123456gmail.com
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. mohamed.gad@ 123456guc.edu.eg
                [1]

                Equal Contribution.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2468-0540(21)00044-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.11.001
                PMC ID: 8666458
                PubMed ID: 34938928
                SO-VID: 9d8a4f8c-ff42-49c7-a8b9-fb80d82c67ad
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 August 2021
                Date revision received : 28 November 2021
                Date accepted : 29 November 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: ccat-1,lncrnas,breast cancer,cernas,micrornas
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ccat-1, lncrnas, breast cancer, cernas, micrornas

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