Downregulation of BarH‐like homeobox 2 promotes cell proliferation, migration and aerobic glycolysis through Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, and predicts a poor prognosis in non‐small cell lung carcinoma

Abstract

Background

Human BarH‐like homeobox 2 (Barx2), a homeodomain factor of the Bar family, plays a critical role in cell adhesion and cytoskeleton remodeling, and has been reported in an increasing array of tumor types except non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The purpose of the current study was to characterize the expression of Barx2 and assess the clinical significance of Barx2 in NSCLC.

Methods

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were used to examine mRNA and protein expression, respectively. The relationships between Barx2 expression and clinicopathological variables were analyzed. Cell Counting Kit‐8 and plate colony formation assay were used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to examine cell migration ability. Glucose uptake, lactate, adenosine triphosphate, and lactate dehydrogenase assays were used to detect aerobic glycolysis.

Results

Barx2 is downregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with para‐carcinoma. Furthermore, Barx2 expression shows a negative correlation with advanced TNM stage and a high level of Ki‐67. Survival analysis reveals that Barx2 level is an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC patients. The Barx2 (low) Ki‐67 (high) group had the worst prognosis. Furthermore, the data indicate that downregulation of Barx2 expression promotes cell proliferation, migration, and aerobic glycolysis, including increased lactate dehydrogenase activity, glucose utilization, lactate production, and decreased intracellular adenosine triphospahte level. Furthermore, Barx2 acts as a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Reactivation of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway by LiCl can reverse the inhibiting effect of Barx2.

Conclusions

These findings reveal that Barx2 serving as a tumor suppressor gene could decrease cell proliferation, migration, and aerobic glycolysis through inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, and predicts a good prognosis in NSCLC.