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      DNA damage response defect in Williams-Beuren syndrome

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          Abstract

          Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS, no. OMIM 194050) is a rare multisystem genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23 and characterized by cardiovascular malformations, mental retardation, and a specific facial dysmorphism. Recently, we reported that a series of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs in children with WBS and thus hypothesized that a predisposition to cancer may be associated with this genetic disorder. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the role played by three genes hemizygously deleted in WBS ( RFC2, GTF2I and BAZ1B) in DNA damage response pathways. Cell proliferation, cell cycle analysis, γ-H2A.X induction, and expression of DNA damage response proteins were investigated upon exposure to genotoxic treatments in WBS patient-derived primary fibroblasts and in the 293T cell line treated with specific siRNAs targeting RFC2, GTF2I and BAZ1B. An impaired hydroxyurea-induced phosphorylation of CHK1 was observed in the WBS cells. However, this defective DNA damage response was not associated with an increased sensitivity to genotoxic agents. In addition, depletion of RFC2, GTF2I and BAZ1B using specific siRNAs did not have a significant impact on the DNA damage response in 293T cells. Our results highlight that the ATR-dependent DNA damage response is impaired in WBS patient cells but is also dispensable for viability when these cells undergo a genotoxic stress. The mechanism by which the ATR pathway is impaired in WBS warrants elucidation through further investigation.

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            WSTF regulates the function of H2A.X via a novel tyrosine kinase activity

            Summary DNA double-stranded breaks present a serious challenge for eukaryotic cells. Inability to repair breaks leads to genomic instability, carcinogenesis, and cell death. During the DSB response, mammalian chromatin undergoes reorganization demarcated by H2A.X Ser139 phosphorylation (γ-H2A.X). However, the regulation of γ-H2A.X phosphorylation and its precise role in chromatin remodeling during the repair process remain unclear. Here, we report a novel regulatory mechanism mediated by WSTF, a component of the WICH ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex. We show that WSTF has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity via a domain that shares no sequence homology to any known kinase fold. We show that WSTF phosphorylates Tyr142 of H2A.X and that WSTF activity plays an important role in regulating a number of events that are critical for the DNA damage response. Our work reveals a novel mechanism that regulates the DNA damage response and expands our knowledge of domains that contain intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity.
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              Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS)

              Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome of chromosomal instability mainly characterized by microcephaly at birth, combined immunodeficiency and predisposition to malignancies. Due to a founder mutation in the underlying NBN gene (c.657_661del5) the disease is encountered most frequently among Slavic populations. The principal clinical manifestations of the syndrome are: microcephaly, present at birth and progressive with age, dysmorphic facial features, mild growth retardation, mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, and, in females, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Combined cellular and humoral immunodeficiency with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, a strong predisposition to develop malignancies (predominantly of lymphoid origin) and radiosensitivity are other integral manifestations of the syndrome. The NBN gene codes for nibrin which, as part of a DNA repair complex, plays a critical nuclear role wherever double-stranded DNA ends occur, either physiologically or as a result of mutagenic exposure. Laboratory findings include: (1) spontaneous chromosomal breakage in peripheral T lymphocytes with rearrangements preferentially involving chromosomes 7 and 14, (2) sensitivity to ionizing radiation or radiomimetics as demonstrated in vitro by cytogenetic methods or by colony survival assay, (3) radioresistant DNA synthesis, (4) biallelic hypomorphic mutations in the NBN gene, and (5) absence of full-length nibrin protein. Microcephaly and immunodeficiency are common to DNA ligase IV deficiency (LIG4 syndrome) and severe combined immunodeficiency with microcephaly, growth retardation, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation due to NHEJ1 deficiency (NHEJ1 syndrome). In fact, NBS was most commonly confused with Fanconi anaemia and LIG4 syndrome. Genetic counselling should inform parents of an affected child of the 25% risk for further children to be affected. Prenatal molecular genetic diagnosis is possible if disease-causing mutations in both alleles of the NBN gene are known. No specific therapy is available for NBS, however, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be one option for some patients. Prognosis is generally poor due to the extremely high rate of malignancies. Zespół Nijmegen (Nijmegen breakage syndrome; NBS) jest rzadkim schorzeniem z wrodzoną niestabilnością chromosomową dziedziczącym się w sposób autosomalny recesywny, charakteryzującym się przede wszystkim wrodzonym małogłowiem, złożonymi niedoborami odporności i predyspozycją do rozwoju nowotworów. Choroba występuje najczęściej w populacjach słowiańskich, w których uwarunkowana jest mutacją założycielską w genie NBN (c.657_661del5). Do najważniejszych objawów zespołu zalicza się: małogłowie obecne od urodzenia i postępujące z wiekiem, charakterystyczne cechy dysmorfii twarzy, opóźnienie wzrastania, niepełnosprawność intelektualną w stopniu lekkim do umiarkowanego oraz hipogonadyzm hipogonadotropowy u dziewcząt. Na obraz choroby składają się także: niedobór odporności komórkowej i humoralnej, który jest przyczyną nawracających infekcji, znaczna predyspozycja do rozwoju nowotworów złośliwych (zwłaszcza układu chłonnego), a także zwiększona wrażliwość na promieniowanie jonizujące. Wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wykazują: (1) spontaniczną łamliwość chromosomów w limfocytach T krwi obwodowej, z preferencją do rearanżacji chromosomów 7 i 14, (2) nadwrażliwość na promieniowanie jonizujące lub radiomimetyki, co można wykazać metodami in vitro, (3) radiooporność syntezy DNA, (4) hipomorficzne mutacje na obu allelach genu NBN, oraz (5) brak w komórkach pełnej cząsteczki białka, nibryny. Małogłowie i niedobór odporności występują także w zespole niedoboru ligazy IV (LIG4) oraz w zespole niedoboru NHEJ1. Rodzice powinni otrzymać poradę genetyczną ze względu na wysokie ryzyko (25%) powtórzenia się choroby u kolejnego potomstwa. Możliwe jest zaproponowanie molekularnej diagnostyki prenatalnej jeżeli znane są obie mutacje będące przyczyną choroby. Nie ma możliwości zaproponowania specyficznej terapii, ale przeszczep szpiku może być alternatywą dla niektórych pacjentów. Generalnie prognoza nie jest pomyślna z uwagi na wysokie ryzyko rozwoju nowotworu.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Mol Med
                Int. J. Mol. Med
                IJMM
                International Journal of Molecular Medicine
                D.A. Spandidos
                1107-3756
                1791-244X
                March 2017
                17 January 2017
                17 January 2017
                : 39
                : 3
                : 622-628
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Besançon
                [2 ]Inserm UMR1098/EFS-BFC/University of Franche-Comte, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
                [3 ]Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia I-71013, Italy
                [4 ]Department of Hematology
                [5 ]Medical Oncology and CIC-BT506, University Hospital of Besançon, F-25000 Besançon
                [6 ]Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital of Nice, 06202 Nice Cedex 3, France
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr David Guenat, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Besançon, PC BIO +2 (Room H1.2), 1 Boulevard Alexander-Fleming, F-25000 Besançon, France, E-mail: david.guenat@ 123456univ-fcomte.fr
                Article
                ijmm-39-03-0622
                10.3892/ijmm.2017.2861
                5360356
                28098859
                a87df66e-19cb-4dda-80ac-da4084c38724
                Copyright: © Guenat et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 13 September 2016
                : 29 December 2016
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                williams-beuren syndrome,williams syndrome,dna damage,baz1b,rfc2,gtf2i,non-hodgkin's lymphoma,7q11.23,cancer,predisposition

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