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      Prediction of flexor tendon graft diameter in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament by means of magnetic resonance imaging Translated title: Predição do diâmetro do enxerto dos tendões flexores na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior por meio da ressonância nuclear magnética

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To evaluate the diameter of the flexor tendons in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations and compare this with the diameter of the graft obtained intraoperatively.

          Methods

          This was a retrospective longitudinal epidemiological study. Forty-four patients were eligible for the study and their MRI examinations and surgical data were evaluated. The tendons were measured on MRI across their largest diameter in the axial plane, using the medial epicondyle of the femur as the slice level. In the surgery, routine graft preparation was performed, consisting of folding the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons to form a four-strand graft. Its measurement was recorded.

          Results

          To evaluate the association between the variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was estimated. A significant correlation was found between the measurements of the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons and the final diameter of the graft ( p < 0.001). A ROC curve was fitted to the sum of the tendon diameters in order to determine a cutoff point associated with the graft diameter (≤8 mm or >8 mm). If the sum was greater than 5.28 mm, the chance of obtaining a graft larger than 8 mm would be 75%.

          Conclusion

          Measurement of the diameters of the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons through a preoperative MRI examination is a simple and effective way to predict the final size of the graft to be used in ACL reconstruction surgery.

          Resumo

          Objetivo

          Avaliar o diâmetro dos tendões flexores em exames de ressonância magnética (RNM) pré-operatória e comparar com o diâmetro do enxerto obtido no ato intraoperatório.

          Métodos

          Em um estudo epidemiológico longitudinal retrospectivo, 44 pacientes foram elegíveis ao estudo e tiveram os exames de RNM e dados de cirurgias avaliados. Os tendões foram medidos na RNM no seu maior diâmetro no plano axial com o uso do epicôndilo medial do fêmur como nível de corte. Na cirurgia foi feito preparo de rotina do enxerto, dobraram-se os tendões grácil e semitendinoso, formou-se um enxerto quádruplo que teve sua medida registrada.

          Resultados

          Para a avaliação da associação entre as variáveis foi estimado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre as medidas dos tendões grácil e semitendinoso e o diâmetro final do enxerto (p < 0,001). Ajustou-se uma curva ROC para a soma do diâmetro dos tendões, para a determinação de um ponto de corte associado ao diâmetro do enxerto (≤ 8 mm ou > 8 mm). Caso a soma seja maior do que 5,28 mm, a chance de obter um enxerto maior do que 8 mm é de 75%.

          Conclusão

          A medida do diâmetro dos tendões grácil e semitendinoso no exame da RNM pré-operatória é uma maneira simples e eficaz na predição do tamanho final do enxerto a ser usado na cirurgia de reconstrução do LCA.

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          Most cited references37

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          Graft size and patient age are predictors of early revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring autograft.

          To evaluate whether decreased hamstring autograft size and decreased patient age are predictors of early graft revision.
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            Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament.

            The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of dense connective tissue which courses from the femur to the tibia. The ACL is a key structure in the knee joint, as it resists anterior tibial translation and rotational loads. When the knee is extended, the ACL has a mean length of 32 mm and a width of 7-12 mm. There are two components of the ACL, the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and the posterolateral bundle (PLB). They are not isometric with the main change being lengthening of the AMB and shortening of the PLB during flexion. The ACL has a microstructure of collagen bundles of multiple types (mostly type I) and a matrix made of a network of proteins, glycoproteins, elastic systems, and glycosaminoglycans with multiple functional interactions. The complex ultrastructural organization and abundant elastic system of the ACL allow it to withstand multiaxial stresses and varying tensile strains. The ACL is innervated by posterior articular branches of the tibial nerve and is vascularized by branches of the middle genicular artery.
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              The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis.

              The anatomical and functional details of the cruciate ligamants of the knee were studied on 20 cadaver knees and 24 fresh knees. Each anterior cruciate ligament was found to consist of 2 parts: a distinct anteromedial band (AMB) and a main posterolateral part. The exact geometry of the ligaments and their relationship to bony landmarks were recorded in detail. The state of the cruciate ligaments, i.e. tightness or looseness was recorded in the various positions of the knee as the basis for classification of the function of the various anatomical components. Selective cutting of the anterior cruciate ligament resulted in an increase of anterior drawer flexion and extension. External and internal rotation were increased in both flexion and extionsion. Hyperextension also was increased. It is suggested that the AMB of the anterior cruciate is responsible for the in anteroposterior drawer with flexion. The selective cutting of the posterior cruciate ligament demonstrated that it is important in the flexed knee and produces an.increased posterior drawer sign. Rotational stability was unchanged in extension, but altered in flexion after cutting the posterior cruciate.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Rev Bras Ortop
                Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
                Elsevier
                2255-4971
                06 June 2016
                Jul-Aug 2016
                06 June 2016
                : 51
                : 4
                : 405-411
                Affiliations
                [a ]Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC-PR), Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
                [b ]Instituto de Joelho e Ombro, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author. luizotaviobt@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S2255-4971(16)30030-1
                10.1016/j.rboe.2016.06.002
                4974101
                27517018
                ad15ff83-f927-4e8a-b3a4-d45adfb4be94
                © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 July 2015
                : 8 September 2015
                Categories
                Original Article

                anterior cruciate ligament,anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,magnetic resonance spectroscopy,orthopedic procedures,ligamento cruzado anterior,reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior,espectroscopia de ressonância magnética,procedimentos ortopédicos

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