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      Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation on One-Lung Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury in Patients Undergoing Esophageal Cancer Operation

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To investigate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on one-lung ventilation-induced injury in patients undergoing esophageal cancer operation.

          Methods

          The participants ( n = 121) were randomly assigned into TEAS and sham groups. The TEAS group was given transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy. The acupoints selected were Feishu (BL13), Hegu (L14), and Zusanli (ST36) and were treated 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia; treatment lasts 30 minutes. The sham group was connected to the electrode on the same acupoints, but electronic stimulation was not applied. The levels of oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aDO 2) before one-lung ventilation (T1), 30 minutes after one-lung ventilation (T2), 2 hours after one-lung ventilation (T3), and 1 hour after the operation (T4) and the levels of serum tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) at T1, T2, T3, and 24 hours after the operation (T5) were taken as the primary endpoints. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications, removal time of thoracic drainage tube, and length of hospital stay were taken as the secondary endpoints.

          Results

          Compared with that, in the sham group, the level of PaO 2/FiO 2 in the TEAS group was significantly increased at T2, T3, and T4, and the level of A-aDO 2 was significantly reduced at T2 and T3 ( P < 0.05). Besides, compared with that, in the sham group, the level of serum TNF- α at T2, T3, and T5, as well as the level of serum IL-6 at T3 and T5, was significantly reduced, whereas the level of serum IL-10 at T3 was significantly increased ( P < 0.05). The incidences of pulmonary infection and pleural effusion in the TEAS group were significantly lower than that in the sham group, and the removal time of thoracic drainage tube and the length of hospital stay in the TEAS group were significantly shorter than that in the sham group ( P < 0.05).

          Conclusions

          TEAS could effectively increase the levels of PaO 2/FiO 2 and IL-10, reduce the levels of A-aDO 2, TNF- α, and IL-6, and reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications. Moreover, it could also contribute to shorten the removal time of thoracic drainage tube and the length of hospital stay.

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          Most cited references29

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          Lung Injury After One-Lung Ventilation: A Review of the Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Affecting the Ventilated and the Collapsed Lung.

          Lung injury is the leading cause of death after thoracic surgery. Initially recognized after pneumonectomy, it has since been described after any period of 1-lung ventilation (OLV), even in the absence of lung resection. Overhydration and high tidal volumes were thought to be responsible at various points; however, it is now recognized that the pathophysiology is more complex and multifactorial. All causative mechanisms known to trigger ventilator-induced lung injury have been described in the OLV setting. The ventilated lung is exposed to high strain secondary to large, nonphysiologic tidal volumes and loss of the normal functional residual capacity. In addition, the ventilated lung experiences oxidative stress, as well as capillary shear stress because of hyperperfusion. Surgical manipulation and/or resection of the collapsed lung may induce lung injury. Re-expansion of the collapsed lung at the conclusion of OLV invariably induces duration-dependent, ischemia-reperfusion injury. Inflammatory cytokines are released in response to localized injury and may promote local and contralateral lung injury. Protective ventilation and volatile anesthesia lessen the degree of injury; however, increases in biochemical and histologic markers of lung injury appear unavoidable. The endothelial glycocalyx may represent a common pathway for lung injury creation during OLV, because it is damaged by most of the recognized lung injurious mechanisms. Experimental therapies to stabilize the endothelial glycocalyx may afford the ability to reduce lung injury in the future. In the interim, protective ventilation with tidal volumes of 4 to 5 mL/kg predicted body weight, positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 to 10 cm H2O, and routine lung recruitment should be used during OLV in an attempt to minimize harmful lung stress and strain. Additional strategies to reduce lung injury include routine volatile anesthesia and efforts to minimize OLV duration and hyperoxia.
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            Esophageal Cancer.

            Esophageal cancer has a poor prognosis and high mortality rate, with an estimated 16,910 new cases and 15,910 deaths projected in 2016 in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma account for more than 95% of esophageal cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common in nonindustrialized countries, and important risk factors include smoking, alcohol use, and achalasia. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant esophageal cancer in developed nations, and important risk factors include chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, and smoking. Dysphagia alone or with unintentional weight loss is the most common presenting symptom, although esophageal cancer is often asymptomatic in early stages. Physicians should have a low threshold for evaluation with endoscopy if any symptoms are present. If cancer is confirmed, integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography should be used for initial staging. If no distant metastases are found, endoscopic ultrasonography should be performed to determine tumor depth and evaluate for nodal involvement. Localized tumors can be treated with endoscopic mucosal resection, whereas regional tumors are treated with esophagectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, or a combination of modalities. Nonresectable tumors or tumors with distant metastases are treated with palliative interventions. Specific prevention strategies have not been proven, and there are no recommendations for esophageal cancer screening.
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              Postoperative pulmonary complications, pulmonary and systemic inflammatory responses after lung resection surgery with prolonged one-lung ventilation. Randomized controlled trial comparing intravenous and inhalational anaesthesia

              Recent studies report the immunomodulatory lung-protective role of halogenated anaesthetics during lung resection surgery (LRS) but have not investigated differences in clinical postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). The main goal of the present study was to compare the effect of sevoflurane and propofol on the incidence of PPCs in patients undergoing LRS. The second aim was to compare pulmonary and systemic inflammatory responses to LRS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                ECAM
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Hindawi
                1741-427X
                1741-4288
                2020
                7 June 2020
                7 June 2020
                : 2020
                : 9018701
                Affiliations
                1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangshan People's Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
                2Department of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
                3Department of Cancer Comprehensive Therapy, Tangshan People's Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Kuo-Tong Liou

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-2326
                Article
                10.1155/2020/9018701
                7298312
                b27acd2b-21a3-43e7-a698-e7ee0618f4c8
                Copyright © 2020 Fangchao Zhao et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 November 2019
                : 4 March 2020
                : 16 March 2020
                Categories
                Research Article

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Complementary & Alternative medicine

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