Tear film breakup time and Schirmer tear test in normal dogs: Effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct patency

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Abstract

Objective

The present study aimed to determine the effects of age, sex, reproductive status, skull type, and nasolacrimal duct (NLD) patency on tear production and tear film breakup time (TBUT) in normal dogs.

Animals studied

The ophthalmic data of 82 healthy adult dogs were evaluated in this study.

Procedures

Age, sex, breed, and reproductive status were recorded. Schirmer tear test (STT) and TBUT were assessed in all dogs, and interferometry was available for the selected dogs. The Jones test was used to evaluate NLD patency. The cephalic index (CI) was calculated for each dog (skull width/skull length ×100).

Results

Mean (SD) values for the STT results for the right (OD) and left (OS) eyes were 20.6 (2.7) and 20.2 (2.7) mm/min, respectively. Mean (SD) TBUT values for OD and OS were 6.5 (2.5) and 6.1 (2.3) mm/min in all dogs, respectively. Sex and reproductive status had no significant effect on STT and TBUT (P _[OU] > 0.05). Skull type significantly affected TBUT in both eyes (P _(OD) = 0.01, P _(OS) = 0.003), but had no effect on STT (P _[OU] > 0.3). Age had no correlation with STT and TBUT in either eye (P _[OU] > 0.05). STT and TBUT had no correlation in either eye (P _[OU] > 0.2). NLD patency had no significant effect on STT or TBUT (P _[OU] > 0.1).

Conclusions

The results of this study showed lower TBUT values in brachycephalic breeds than in non‐brachycephalic breeds. A compensatory increase in STT values was observed in dogs with low TBUT values.

Related collections

Most cited references 33

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Increased Tear Fluid Production as a Compensatory Response to Meibomian Gland Loss: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study.

Motoko Kawashima, Tohru Sakimoto, Takashi Suzuki … (2015)

To compare tear film parameters as well as meibomian gland morphologic features and function among patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), those with non-Sjögren syndrome aqueous-deficient dry eye (non-SS ADDE), those with non-SS ADDE and MGD, and normal subjects.

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The normal tear film.

John M Tiffany (2007)

To survey briefly current knowledge on the normal preocular tear film. Sections deal with: (1) Formation of the film, its physical dimensions and rates of inflow and outflow of tears, and briefly the pathways of nervous control of tear production in the main lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal tissue. (2) The protein and electrolyte composition of the aqueous part of the tears derived from the lacrimal gland, as well as the accessory secretions of the meibomian glands and conjunctiva; the 'soluble' or gel-forming mucins from the conjunctival goblet cells are described as well as the membrane-spanning epithelial mucins of the glycocalyx which take part in wettability and mucus binding. (3) The functions of the film, including acting as a nutritional route for the anterior epithelium of the cornea, and its protective roles in ocular lubrication and in scavenging and eliminating invading debris and microorganisms, plus specific antibacterial and immune functions. (4) Problems of structure and stability of the film are discussed, and (5) the wide variety of tests of tear function and quality, with discussion of which tests are suitable for the clinical environment, and which laboratory-based tests can be useful in assessing the individual patient. The preocular tear film plays a vital role in nourishing, lubricating and protecting the ocular surface. Many tests can be applied in either the clinical or the laboratory setting, to determine whether the tears of the individual patient exert their physiological and antimicrobial functions at the normal level. Knowledge of the normal functions of the film provides a basis for later consideration of clinical and surgical treatment of the dry eye.

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Immunopathogenesis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog.

Amanda C de C Williams (2008)

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), more commonly known as dry eye, is an inflammatory condition of the ocular surface caused by a pathologic reduction in the aqueous component of the tear film. It is seen commonly in the dog and defined as a Schirmer tear test with a reading of less than 10 mm in one minute. While KCS may be caused by neurological disease or drug toxicity, most cases are immune-mediated. Whereas the immunological basis of autoimmune KCS has been extensively investigated in humans and experimental rodent models, little research has been undertaken in the dog. It is hoped that this review spurs further research into the etiopathogenic factors in canine KCS.