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      A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus—A possible reference for coronavirus disease‐19 treatment option

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          Abstract

          In the past few decades, coronaviruses have risen as a global threat to public health. Currently, the outbreak of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) from Wuhan caused a worldwide panic. There are no specific antiviral therapies for COVID‐19. However, there are agents that were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics. We could learn from SARS and MERS. Lopinavir (LPV) is an effective agent that inhibits the protease activity of coronavirus. In this review, we discuss the literature on the efficacy of LPV in vitro and in vivo, especially in patients with SARS and MERS, so that we might clarify the potential for the use of LPV in patients with COVID‐19.

          Highlights

          • LPV is an effective agent inhibiting coronavirus in vitro and animal studies.

          • The treatment of LPV improved outcomes of SARS and MERS patients.

          • LPV may be a potential treatment option for COVID‐19.

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          A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

          Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
          Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
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            Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

            Theo M. Bestebroer, Albert Osterhaus, Sander van Boheemen … (2012)
            A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
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              Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

              Hongzhou Lu (2020)
              As of January 22, 2020, a total of 571 cases of the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) have been reported in 25 provinces (districts and cities) in China. At present, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus, so that identifying the drug treatment options as soon as possible is critical for the response to the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Three general methods, which include existing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs using standard assays, screening of a chemical library containing many existing compounds or databases, and the redevelopment of new specific drugs based on the genome and biophysical understanding of individual coronaviruses, are used to discover the potential antiviral treatment of human pathogen coronavirus. Lopinavir /Ritonavir, Nucleoside analogues, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Remdesivir, peptide (EK1), abidol, RNA synthesis inhibitors (such as TDF, 3TC), anti-inflammatory drugs (such as hormones and other molecules), Chinese traditional medicine, such ShuFengJieDu Capsules and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, could be the drug treatment options for 2019-nCoV. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tian‐Tian Yao: Role: Doctor
                Jian‐Dan Qian: Role: Doctor
                Wen‐Yan Zhu: Role: Doctor
                Yan Wang: Role: Associate Professorwangyanwang@bjmu.edu.cn
                Gui‐Qiang Wang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-7974
                Role: Professorjohn131212@126.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Med Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Med. Virol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9071
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMV
                Title: Journal of Medical Virology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0146-6615
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-9071
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 March 2020
                Publication date (Print): June 2020
                Volume: 92
                Issue: 6 , Special Issue on New coronavirus (2019‐nCoV or SARS‐CoV‐2) and the outbreak of the respiratory illness (COVID‐19): Part‐III ( doiID: 10.1002/jmv.v92.6 )
                Pages: 556-563
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Liver Diseases Peking University First Hospital Beijing China
                [ 2 ] The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
                [ 3 ] Peking University International Hospital Beijing China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence Yan Wang MD, PhD, Associate Professor and Gui‐Qiang Wang, Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng, 100034 Beijing, China.

                Email: wangyanwang@ 123456bjmu.edu.cn and john131212@ 123456126.com

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-7974
                Article
                Publisher ID: JMV25729
                DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25729
                PMC ID: 7217143
                PubMed ID: 32104907
                SO-VID: bb1db8fd-5945-40ac-831c-69def6bdd955
                Copyright © © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 February 2020
                Date accepted : 24 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Pages: 8, Words: 4077
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 81870417
                Funded by: Scientific Research Seed Fund of Peking University First Hospital
                Award ID: 2018SF049
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date June 2020
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.1 mode:remove_FC converted:12.05.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: coronavirus,covid‐19,lopinavir,mers,sars
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: coronavirus, covid‐19, lopinavir, mers, sars

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