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      Diabetes e insuficiencia cardiaca. ¿Son los inhibidores del cotransportador de sodioglucosa tipo dos el futuro del tratamiento? Translated title: Diabetes and heart failure. Are type two sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors the future of treatment?

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica cuya incidencia y prevalencia van en aumento. Produce múltiples complicaciones tales como enfermedad aterosclerótica e insuficiencia cardiaca, siendo esta última, una de las principales causas de muerte. La diabetes mellitus puede desembocar en insuficiencia cardiaca a través de la miocardiopatía diabética. Para el tratamiento de la misma, destacan los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 (iSGLT2), fármacos que actúan en el túbulo contorneado proximal renal. Objetivos conocer el impacto de los iSGLT2 en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus con insuficiencia cardiaca asociada, identificar los mecanismos que relacionan diabetes mellitus e insuficiencia cardiaca y conocer el manejo de este tipo de pacientes. Resultados y discusión Los estudios de seguridad cardiovascular EMPAREG-OUTCOME, CANVAS DECLARE-TIMI 58 y CREDENCE, han demostrado que empagliflozina, canagliflozina y dapagliflozina disminuyen el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores, muerte por causa cardiovascular y reducen el porcentaje de hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardiaca. Su mecanismo de acción no está del todo claro, no obstante, sus efectos glucosúricos y natriuréticos resultan potencialmente beneficiosos sobre la presión arterial, peso corporal, remodelado cardiaco y función renal. Estos estudios también señalan la importancia de conocer los efectos secundarios y monitorizarlos para prevenirlos, que, aunque infrecuentes, pueden ocasionar infecciones o amputaciones. Conclusiones según la evidencia actual, los iSGLT2 constituyen la mejor opción terapéutica en pacientes con diabetes e insuficiencia cardiaca concomitante y aquellos con enfermedad renal crónica (FG entre 30-60 ml/min/1,73 m2), recomendándose además su empleo en aquellos pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca sin diabetes.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease whose incidence and prevalence are increase. It produces multiple complications such as atherosclerotic disease and cardiac insufficiency, heart disease, the latter being one of the main causes of death. Diabetes mellitus can lead to heart failure through diabetic cardiomyopathy. For its treatment, sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors stand out. (iSGLT2), drugs that act on the renal proximal convoluted tubule. Objective to know the impact of iSGLT2 in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with nsufficiency associated heart failure, identify the mechanisms that relate diabetes mellitus and heart failure and know the management of this type of patients. Results and Discussion Cardiovascular safety studies EMPAREG-OUTCOME, CANVAS DECLARE-TIMI 58 and CREDENCE have shown that empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin they reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events, death due to cardiovascular causes and reduce the percentage of hospitalizations for heart failure. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear, however, its glycosuric and natriuretic effects are potentially beneficial on the blood pressure, body weight, cardiac remodeling and renal function. These studies also point out the importance of knowing side effects and monitoring them to prevent them, which, although rare, can cause infections or amputations. Conclusions according to current evidence, iSGLT2 constitute the best therapeutic option in patients with diabetes and concomitant heart failure and those with chronic kidney disease (GFR between 30-60 ml/min/1.73 m2), also recommending its use in those patients with heart failure without diabetes

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          Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

          In patients with type 2 diabetes, inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) reduce the risk of a first hospitalization for heart failure, possibly through glucose-independent mechanisms. More data are needed regarding the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with established heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction, regardless of the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes.
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            Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes

            Background Canagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor that reduces glycemia as well as blood pressure, body weight, and albuminuria in people with diabetes. We report the effects of treatment with canagliflozin on cardiovascular, renal, and safety outcomes. Methods The CANVAS Program integrated data from two trials involving a total of 10,142 participants with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. Participants in each trial were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin or placebo and were followed for a mean of 188.2 weeks. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Results The mean age of the participants was 63.3 years, 35.8% were women, the mean duration of diabetes was 13.5 years, and 65.6% had a history of cardiovascular disease. The rate of the primary outcome was lower with canagliflozin than with placebo (occurring in 26.9 vs. 31.5 participants per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 0.97; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.02 for superiority). Although on the basis of the prespecified hypothesis testing sequence the renal outcomes are not viewed as statistically significant, the results showed a possible benefit of canagliflozin with respect to the progression of albuminuria (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.79) and the composite outcome of a sustained 40% reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate, the need for renal-replacement therapy, or death from renal causes (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.77). Adverse reactions were consistent with the previously reported risks associated with canagliflozin except for an increased risk of amputation (6.3 vs. 3.4 participants per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.75); amputations were primarily at the level of the toe or metatarsal. Conclusions In two trials involving patients with type 2 diabetes and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, patients treated with canagliflozin had a lower risk of cardiovascular events than those who received placebo but a greater risk of amputation, primarily at the level of the toe or metatarsal. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; CANVAS and CANVAS-R ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01032629 and NCT01989754 , respectively.).
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              Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes

              The cardiovascular safety profile of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 that promotes glucosuria in patients with type 2 diabetes, is undefined.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                June 2022
                : 7
                : 2
                : 209-234
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameHospital Almansa España
                [1] Albacete orgnameFacultad de Medicina de Albacete orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Medicas España
                Article
                S2529-850X2022000200004 S2529-850X(22)00700200004
                10.19230/jonnpr.4443
                bc1dfc07-51b0-4d59-b7ae-e5b6b0a8fa5f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 July 2021
                : 18 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 26
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                Diabetes Mellitus,inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2,Insuficiencia cardiaca,Nuevos tratamientos,sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors,Heart failure,New treatments

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