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      Accelerated weight gain, prematurity, and the risk of childhood obesity: A meta-analysis and systematic review

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was to analyze and evaluate the impact of prematurity and accelerated weight gain on the risk of childhood and adolescent obesity. CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched until December 2019 which yielded 19 studies with a total of 169,439 children enrolled were systematically reviewed. The results revealed that preterm infants had a greater likelihood of childhood obesity (defined as BMI ≥95 th percentile for age-sex), than term infants (OR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.13, 1.26]). However, no difference of childhood obesity was found between “small for gestational age”(SGA) and “appropriate for gestational age”(AGA) among preterms. Accelerated weight gain (defined as weight gain velocity during first two years after birth) significantly increased the likelihood of subsequent childhood obesity among preterms (aOR = 1.87, 95% CI [1.57, 2.231]). In conclusion, accelerated weight gain at infancy among preterm children may be a critical contributor to obesity in later life. Establishing optimal growth trajectories and timely referral to health care providers may be of clinical importance.

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          In utero programming of chronic disease.

          1. Many human fetuses have to adapt to a limited supply of nutrients. In doing so they permanently change their structure and metabolism. 2. These 'programmed' changes may be the origins of a number of diseases in later life, including coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, diabetes and hypertension. 3. This review examines the evidence linking these diseases to fetal undernutrition and provides an overview of previous studies in this area.
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            The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

            Although many studies have found that childhood levels of body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) are associated with adult levels, it has been reported that childhood BMI is not associated with adult adiposity. We further examined these longitudinal associations. Cohort study based on examinations between 1973 and 1996. Bogalusa, Louisiana. Children (2610; ages 2-17 years old) who were followed to ages 18 to 37 years; the mean follow-up was 17.6 years. BMI-for-age and triceps skinfold thickness (SF) were measured in childhood. Subscapular and triceps SFs were measured among adults, and the mean SF was used as an adiposity index. Adult obesity was defined as a BMI >or= 30 kg/m(2) and adult overfat as a mean SF in the upper (gender-specific) quartile. Childhood levels of both BMI and triceps SF were associated with adult levels of BMI and adiposity. The magnitude of these longitudinal associations increased with childhood age, but the BMI levels of even the youngest (ages 2-5 years) children were moderately associated (r = 0.33-0.41) with adult adiposity. Overweight (BMI-for-age >or= 95th centile) 2- to 5-year-olds were >4 times as likely to become overfat adults (15 of 23 [65%]), as were children with a BMI < 50th centile (30 of 201 [15%]). Even after accounting for the triceps SF of children, BMI-for-age provided additional information on adult adiposity. Childhood BMI is associated with adult adiposity, but it is possible that the magnitude of this association depends on the relative fatness of children.
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              Early-life determinants of overweight and obesity: a review of systematic reviews.

              The aim of this paper was to review the evidence for early-life (from conception to 5 years of age) determinants of obesity. The design is review of published systematic reviews. Data sources included Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO. Identification of 22 eligible reviews from a database of 12,021 independent publications. Quality of selected reviews assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews score. Articles published after the reviews were used to confirm results. No review was classified as high quality, 11 as moderate and 11 as low. Factors associated with later overweight and obesity: maternal diabetes, maternal smoking, rapid infant growth, no or short breastfeeding, obesity in infancy, short sleep duration, <30 min of daily physical activity, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Other factors were identified as potentially relevant, although the size of their effect is difficult to estimate. Maternal smoking, breastfeeding, infant size and growth, short sleep duration and television viewing are supported by better-quality reviews. It is difficult to establish a causal association between possible determinants and obesity, and the relative importance of each determinant. Future research should focus on early-life interventions to confirm the role of protective and risk factors and to tackle the high burden obesity represents for present and future generations. © 2010 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2010 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Validation
                Role: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Role: Resources
                Role: SoftwareRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 May 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 5
                : e0232238
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
                [2 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                [3 ] Medicine Library and Center for Knowledge Management, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                [4 ] Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
                [5 ] Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan
                [6 ] School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                University of South Florida, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-4738
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8687-4109
                Article
                PONE-D-19-11717
                10.1371/journal.pone.0232238
                7199955
                32369502
                d78ae6fb-60f1-4c74-aaf6-c784640cee20
                © 2020 Ou-Yang et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 9 May 2019
                : 10 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 18
                Funding
                There are no sources of funding that have supported the work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Childhood Obesity
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Childhood Obesity
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Infants
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Infants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Weight Gain
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Weight Gain
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fats
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Adipose Tissue
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Adipose Tissue
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Metaanalysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Metaanalysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Body Mass Index
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Body Mass Index
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                All relevant data are within the paper and supporting documents.

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