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      Prevention of β-amyloid degeneration of microglia by erythropoietin depends on Wnt1, the PI 3-K/mTOR pathway, Bad, and Bcl-xL

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          Abstract

          Central nervous system microglia promote neuronal regeneration and sequester toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition during Alzheimer's disease. We show that the cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) decreases the toxic effect of Aβ on microgliain vitro. EPO up-regulates the cysteine-rich glycosylated wingless protein Wnt1 and activates the PI 3-K/Akt1/mTOR/ p70S6K pathway. This in turn increases phosphorylation and cytosol trafficking of Bad, reduces the Bad/Bcl-x L complex and increases the Bcl-x L/Bax complex, thus preventing caspase 1 and caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. Our data may foster development of novel strategies to use cytoprotectants such as EPO for Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative disorders.

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          A specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002).

          C J Vlahos, W Matter, K Hui … (1994)
          Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase is an enzyme implicated in growth factor signal transduction by associating with receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, including the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Inhibitors of PtdIns 3-kinase could potentially give a better understanding of the function and regulatory mechanisms of the enzyme. Quercetin, a naturally occurring bioflavinoid, was previously shown to inhibit PtdIns 3-kinase with an IC50 of 1.3 microgram/ml (3.8 microM); inhibition appeared to be directed at the ATP-binding site of the kinase. Analogs of quercetin were investigated as PtdIns 3-kinase inhibitors, with the most potent ones exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 1.7-8.4 micrograms/ml. In contrast, genistein, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the isoflavone class, did not inhibit PtdIns 3-kinase significantly (IC50 > 30 micrograms/ml). Since quercetin has also been shown to inhibit other PtdIns and protein kinases, other chromones were evaluated as inhibitors of PtdIns 3-kinase without affecting PtdIns 4-kinase or selected protein kinases. One such compound, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (also known as 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenylchromone, LY294002), completely and specifically abolished PtdIns 3-kinase activity (IC50 = 0.43 microgram/ml; 1.40 microM) but did not inhibit PtdIns 4-kinase or tested protein and lipid kinases. Analogs of LY294002 demonstrated a very selective structure-activity relationship, with slight changes in structure causing marked decreases in inhibition. LY294002 was shown to completely abolish PtdIns 3-kinase activity in fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated human neutrophils, as well as inhibit proliferation of smooth muscle cells in cultured rabbit aortic segments. Since PtdIns 3-kinase appears to be centrally involved with growth factor signal transduction, the development of specific inhibitors against the kinase may be beneficial in the treatment of proliferative diseases as well as in elucidating the biological role of the kinase in cellular proliferation and growth factor response.
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            Rapamycin passes the torch: a new generation of mTOR inhibitors.

            Don Benjamin, Marco Colombi, Christoph Moroni … (2011)
            Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an atypical protein kinase that controls growth and metabolism in response to nutrients, growth factors and cellular energy levels, and it is frequently dysregulated in cancer and metabolic disorders. Rapamycin is an allosteric inhibitor of mTOR, and was approved as an immuno-suppressant in 1999. In recent years, interest has focused on its potential as an anticancer drug. However, the performance of rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogues) has been undistinguished despite isolated successes in subsets of cancer, suggesting that the full therapeutic potential of targeting mTOR has yet to be exploited. A new generation of ATP-competitive inhibitors that directly target the mTOR catalytic site display potent and comprehensive mTOR inhibition and are in early clinical trials.
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              Microglial Cx3cr1 knockout prevents neuron loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

              Martin Fuhrmann, Tobias Bittner, Christian K. E. Jung … (2010)
              Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, can have a beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease by phagocytosing amyloid-beta. Two-photon in vivo imaging of neuron loss in the intact brain of living Alzheimer's disease mice revealed an involvement of microglia in neuron elimination, indicated by locally increased number and migration velocity of microglia around lost neurons. Knockout of the microglial chemokine receptor Cx3cr1, which is critical in neuron-microglia communication, prevented neuron loss.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Aging (Albany NY)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Aging (Albany NY)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ImpactJ
                Title: Aging (Albany NY)
                Publisher: Impact Journals LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1945-4589
                Publication date Collection: March 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 March 2012
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 187-201
                Affiliations
                1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling
                2 Cancer Institute of New Jersey
                3 New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Kenneth Maiese, PhD ; wntin75@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.18632/aging.100440
                PMC ID: 3348479
                PubMed ID: 22388478
                SO-VID: e20b0ccb-e335-494c-a210-e57f085888ed
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2012 Shang et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                Date received : 20 February 2012
                Date accepted : 2 March 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: wnt,mtor,microglia,alzheimer's disease,amyloid,erythropoietin
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: wnt, mtor, microglia, alzheimer's disease, amyloid, erythropoietin

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