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      The Function of Fish Cytokines

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          Abstract

          What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the induced effects of cytokine recombinant proteins, or have used loss- and gain-of-function experiments in zebrafish. Such studies begin to tell us about the role of these molecules in the regulation of fish immune responses and whether they are similar or divergent to the well-characterised functions of mammalian cytokines. This knowledge will aid our ability to determine and modulate the pathways leading to protective immunity, to improve fish health in aquaculture.

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          A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish

          Philipp Niethammer, Clemens Grabher, A. Thomas Look … (2009)
          Barrier structures (e.g. epithelia around tissues, plasma membranes around cells) are required for internal homeostasis and protection from pathogens. Wound detection and healing represent a dormant morphogenetic program that can be rapidly executed to restore barrier integrity and tissue homeostasis. In animals, initial steps include recruitment of leukocytes to the site of injury across distances of hundreds of micrometers within minutes of wounding. The spatial signals that direct this immediate tissue response are unknown. Due to their fast diffusion and versatile biological activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are interesting candidates for wound-to-leukocyte signalling. We probed the role of H2O2 during the early events of wound responses in zebrafish larvae expressing a genetically encoded H2O2 sensor1. This reporter revealed a sustained rise in H2O2 concentration at the wound margin, starting ∼3 min after wounding and peaking at ∼20 min, which extended ∼100−200 μm into the tail fin epithelium as a decreasing concentration gradient. Using pharmacological and genetic inhibition, we show that this gradient is created by Dual oxidase (Duox), and that it is required for rapid recruitment of leukocytes to the wound. This is the first observation of a tissue-scale H2O2 pattern, and the first evidence that H2O2 signals to leukocytes in tissues, in addition to its known antiseptic role.
          Article 0 comments Cited 459 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution

            Byrappa Venkatesh, Alison P Lee, Vydianathan Ravi … (2014)
            The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws, paired fins and immunoglobulin-based adaptive immunity. Gnathostomes subsequently diverged into two groups, the cartilaginous fishes and the bony vertebrates. Here we report the whole-genome analysis of a cartilaginous fish, the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). We find that the C. milii genome is the slowest evolving of all known vertebrates, including the ‘living fossil’ coelacanth, and features extensive synteny conservation with tetrapod genomes, making it a good model for comparative analyses of gnathostome genomes. Our functional studies suggest that the lack of genes encoding secreted calcium-binding phosphoproteins in cartilaginous fishes explains the absence of bone in their endoskeleton. Furthermore, the adaptive immune system of cartilaginous fishes is unusual: it lacks the canonical CD4 co-receptor and most transcription factors, cytokines and cytokine receptors related to the CD4 lineage, despite the presence of polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. It thus presents a new model for understanding the origin of adaptive immunity. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature12826) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Caspase-11 protects against bacteria that escape the vacuole.

              Youssef Aachoui, Irina A. Leaf, Jon Hagar … (2013)
              Caspases are either apoptotic or inflammatory. Among inflammatory caspases, caspase-1 and -11 trigger pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death. Whereas both can be detrimental in inflammatory disease, only caspase-1 has an established protective role during infection. Here, we report that caspase-11 is required for innate immunity to cytosolic, but not vacuolar, bacteria. Although Salmonella typhimurium and Legionella pneumophila normally reside in the vacuole, specific mutants (sifA and sdhA, respectively) aberrantly enter the cytosol. These mutants triggered caspase-11, which enhanced clearance of S. typhimurium sifA in vivo. This response did not require NLRP3, NLRC4, or ASC inflammasome pathways. Burkholderia species that naturally invade the cytosol also triggered caspase-11, which protected mice from lethal challenge with B. thailandensis and B. pseudomallei. Thus, caspase-11 is critical for surviving exposure to ubiquitous environmental pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Brian Dixon: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biology (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biology (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biology
                Title: Biology
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-7737
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 May 2016
                Publication date Collection: June 2016
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 23
                Affiliations
                Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; j.j.zou@ 123456abdn.ac.uk
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: c.secombes@ 123456abdn.ac.uk ; Tel.: +44-1224-272872
                Article
                Publisher ID: biology-05-00023
                DOI: 10.3390/biology5020023
                PMC ID: 4929537
                PubMed ID: 27231948
                SO-VID: e2e3f847-13b5-4eb5-be5e-31d65a755227
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 29 February 2016
                Date accepted : 17 May 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cytokines,bioactivity,recombinant proteins,loss- and gain-of-function,interleukins,interferons,colony stimulating factors,tumour necrosis factors,transforming growth factor-β
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cytokines, bioactivity, recombinant proteins, loss- and gain-of-function, interleukins, interferons, colony stimulating factors, tumour necrosis factors, transforming growth factor-β

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