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      Neumomediastino y neumopericardio espontáneo en paciente con COVID-19; reporte de caso Translated title: Spontaneous pneumomediastin and pneumopericardium in patients with COVID-19; case report

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El neumomediastino y neumopericardio espontáneo en pacientes con COVID-19 pueden presentarse de manera inusual, y causar una evolución clínica tórpida. Presentamos el primer reporte clínico del Paraguay de una paciente con neumomediastino y neumopericardio asociado a neumonía por COVID-19. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 39 años, con neumonía por COVID-19, presentó disnea y dolor de tórax persistente y una evolución clínica tórpida, fue valorada al día veinte y seis de su evolución por especialista en neumología constatándose en los controles tomográficos seriados del pulmón la presencia de aire en mediastino y pericardio que habían pasado desapercibido en los controles primarios. Se instauró un tratamiento médico conservador y sintomático con buena respuesta y evolución favorable. Discusión: El neumomediastino y neumopericardio espontáneo puede ser causado por una rotura alveolar debido a susceptibilidad de la misma, por la tormenta de citocinas que es común en COVID-19, así el aire puede disecar y discurrir la vaina peri-bronquio vascular y acceder al mediastino u otros espacios, pudiendo presentarse en cualquier estadio de la enfermedad, por lo que los controles tomográficos seriados y correctamente analizados son cruciales para su detección.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium in patients with COVID-19 may occur unusually and cause a torripid clinical evolution. We present paraguay's first clinical report of a patient with pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium associated with COVID-19 pneumonia. Case presentation: 39-year-old patient with COVID-19 pneumonia had dyspnoea and persistent chest pain and a torrid clinical evolution, was valued at day twenty-six of its evolution by pneumology, with a presence of air in mediastinum and pericardium at primary controls by initial treating physicians. Conservative and symptomatic medical treatment was instituted with good response and favorable evolution. Discussion: Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium can be caused by alveolar rupture due to alveolar susceptibility by the cytokine storm common in COVID-19, thus the air can dissociate and drain the vascular peribronchial sheath and access the mediastinum or other spaces, being able to occur at any stage of the disease, so the serial and correctly analyzed tomographic controls are crucial for its detection.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

            Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.
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              The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19

              Summary Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli. The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex. The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies. This article reviews the occurrence mechanism and treatment strategies of the COVID-19 virus-induced inflammatory storm in attempt to provide valuable medication guidance for clinical treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rspp
                Revista de salud publica del Paraguay
                Rev. salud publica Parag.
                INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD - MSP Y BS (Asunción, , Paraguay )
                2224-6193
                2307-3349
                June 2021
                : 11
                : 1
                : 107-111
                Affiliations
                [1] Luque orgnameMinisterio de Salud y Bienestar Social orgdiv1Hospital General de Luque Paraguay
                [4] San Lorenzo orgnameHospital Universitario San Lorenzo Paraguay
                [2] Asunción orgnameInstituto de Previsión Social orgdiv1Hospital Central orgdiv2Servicio de Cardiología Paraguay
                [3] Coronel Oviedo Caaguazú orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Caaguazú orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas orgdiv2Dirección de Investigación Paraguay
                Article
                S2307-33492021000100107 S2307-3349(21)01100100107
                10.18004/rspp.2021.junio.107
                e49ecf22-bb68-483b-ac51-f562070f535b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 December 2020
                : 07 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Reporte de Caso

                neumopericardio.,pneumopericardium.,pneumomediastinum,COVID-19,neumomediastino

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