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      G6PDH as a key immunometabolic and redox trigger in arthropods

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          Abstract

          The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) plays crucial roles in glucose homeostasis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), being also involved in redox metabolism. The PPP is an important metabolic pathway that produces ribose and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which are essential for several physiologic and biochemical processes, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. As a rate-limiting step in PPP, G6PDH is a highly conserved enzyme and its deficiency can lead to severe consequences for the organism, in particular for cell growth. Insufficient G6PDH activity can lead to cell growth arrest, impaired embryonic development, as well as a reduction in insulin sensitivity, inflammation, diabetes, and hypertension. While research on G6PDH and PPP has historically focused on mammalian models, particularly human disorders, recent studies have shed light on the regulation of this enzyme in arthropods, where new functions were discovered. This review will discuss the role of arthropod G6PDH in regulating redox homeostasis and immunometabolism and explore potential avenues for further research on this enzyme in various metabolic adaptations.

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          RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies

          Alexandros Stamatakis (2014)
          Motivation: Phylogenies are increasingly used in all fields of medical and biological research. Moreover, because of the next-generation sequencing revolution, datasets used for conducting phylogenetic analyses grow at an unprecedented pace. RAxML (Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood) is a popular program for phylogenetic analyses of large datasets under maximum likelihood. Since the last RAxML paper in 2006, it has been continuously maintained and extended to accommodate the increasingly growing input datasets and to serve the needs of the user community. Results: I present some of the most notable new features and extensions of RAxML, such as a substantial extension of substitution models and supported data types, the introduction of SSE3, AVX and AVX2 vector intrinsics, techniques for reducing the memory requirements of the code and a plethora of operations for conducting post-analyses on sets of trees. In addition, an up-to-date 50-page user manual covering all new RAxML options is available. Availability and implementation: The code is available under GNU GPL at https://github.com/stamatak/standard-RAxML. Contact: alexandros.stamatakis@h-its.org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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            Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation

            Ivica Letunic, Peer Bork (2021)
            The Interactive Tree Of Life ( https://itol.embl.de ) is an online tool for the display, manipulation and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees. It is freely available and open to everyone. iTOL version 5 introduces a completely new tree display engine, together with numerous new features. For example, a new dataset type has been added (MEME motifs), while annotation options have been expanded for several existing ones. Node metadata display options have been extended and now also support non-numerical categorical values, as well as multiple values per node. Direct manual annotation is now available, providing a set of basic drawing and labeling tools, allowing users to draw shapes, labels and other features by hand directly onto the trees. Support for tree and dataset scales has been extended, providing fine control over line and label styles. Unrooted tree displays can now use the equal-daylight algorithm, proving a much greater display clarity. The user account system has been streamlined and expanded with new navigation options and currently handles >1 million trees from >70 000 individual users. Graphical Abstract iTOL: an online tool for the tree display and annotation.
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              The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology.

              Karen Bedard, Karl-Heinz Krause (2007)
              For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bruno Moraes: Role: Role: Role:
                Renato Martins: Role: Role: Role:
                Cintia Lopes: Role:
                Ronald Martins: Role: Role:
                Angélica Arcanjo: Role:
                Jhenifer Nascimento: Role: Role:
                Satoru Konnai: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/423458/overviewRole: Role:
                Itabajara da Silva Vaz Jr: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/472818/overviewRole: Role: Role:
                Carlos Logullo: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2395159/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Physiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Physiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Physiol.
                Title: Frontiers in Physiology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-042X
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 November 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1287090
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [2] 2 Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [3] 3 Programa de Computação Científica , Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , IOC , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [4] 4 Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
                [5] 5 Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
                Author notes

                Edited by: Fernando Ariel Genta, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Brazil

                Reviewed by: Jan Perner, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia

                Rajnikant Dixit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), India

                *Correspondence: Carlos Logullo, carlos.logullo@ 123456bioqmed.ufrj.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1287090
                DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1287090
                PMC ID: 10693429
                PubMed ID: 38046951
                SO-VID: e5e6223b-2d97-457c-bed1-7a084d96bfe3
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Moraes, Martins, Lopes, Martins, Arcanjo, Nascimento, Konnai, da Silva Vaz and Logullo.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 05 September 2023
                Date accepted : 30 October 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico , doi 10.13039/501100003593;
                Funded by: Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , doi 10.13039/501100004586;
                Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , doi 10.13039/501100002322;
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was supported in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brazil (CAPES)–Finance Code 001.
                Categories
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Invertebrate Physiology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,redox,immunometabolism,nadph,glucose metabolism,arthropods,pentose phosphate pathway
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Keywords: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, redox, immunometabolism, nadph, glucose metabolism, arthropods, pentose phosphate pathway

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