Site-specific incorporation of a fluorescent nucleobase analog enhances i-motif stability and allows monitoring of i-motif folding inside cells

Abstract

The i-motif is an intriguing non-canonical DNA structure, whose role in the cell is still controversial. Development of methods to study i-motif formation under physiological conditions in living cells is necessary to study its potential biological functions. The cytosine analog 1,3-diaza-2-oxophenoxazine (tC ^O) is a fluorescent nucleobase able to form either hemiprotonated base pairs with cytosine residues, or neutral base pairs with guanines. We show here that when tC ^O is incorporated in the proximity of a G:C:G:C minor groove tetrad, it induces a strong thermal and pH stabilization, resulting in i-motifs with T _m of 39ºC at neutral pH. The structural determination by NMR methods reveals that the enhanced stability is due to a large stacking interaction between the guanines of the tetrad with the tC ^O nucleobase, which forms a tC ^O:C ⁺ in the folded structure at unusually-high pHs, leading to an increased quenching in its fluorescence at neutral conditions. This quenching is much lower when tC ^O is base-paired to guanines and totally disappears when the oligonucleotide is unfolded. By taking profit of this property, we have been able to monitor i-motif folding in cells.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical Abstract