Draft Genome Sequence of the Iron-Oxidizing Acidophile Leptospirillum ferriphilum Type Strain DSM 14647

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Abstract

The genomic features of the Leptospirillum ferriphilum type strain DSM 14647 are described here. An analysis of the predicted genes enriches our knowledge of the molecular basis of iron oxidation, improves our understanding of its role in industrial bioleaching, and suggests how it is adapted to live at extremely low pH.

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CRISPR-mediated adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea.

Rotem Sorek, C. Lawrence, Blake Wiedenheft (2013)

Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in autoimmunity. The cellular machinery and complex signaling pathways that coordinate an effective immune response have generally been considered properties of the eukaryotic immune system. However, a surprisingly sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids was recently discovered in bacteria and archaea. Molecular vaccination in prokaryotes is achieved by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into a repetitive locus in the host chromosome known as a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat). Here we review the mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated immunity and discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of these adaptive defense systems.

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Genomic insights into microbial iron oxidation and iron uptake strategies in extremely acidic environments.

Violaine Bonnefoy, Michelle Holmes (2012)

This minireview presents recent advances in our understanding of iron oxidation and homeostasis in acidophilic Bacteria and Archaea. These processes influence the flux of metals and nutrients in pristine and man-made acidic environments such as acid mine drainage and industrial bioleaching operations. Acidophiles are also being studied to understand life in extreme conditions and their role in the generation of biomarkers used in the search for evidence of existing or past extra-terrestrial life. Iron oxidation in acidophiles is best understood in the model organism Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. However, recent functional genomic analysis of acidophiles is leading to a deeper appreciation of the diversity of acidophilic iron-oxidizing pathways. Although it is too early to paint a detailed picture of the role played by lateral gene transfer in the evolution of iron oxidation, emerging evidence tends to support the view that iron oxidation arose independently more than once in evolution. Acidic environments are generally rich in soluble iron and extreme acidophiles (e.g. the Leptospirillum genus) have considerably fewer iron uptake systems compared with neutrophiles. However, some acidophiles have been shown to grow as high as pH 6 and, in the case of the Acidithiobacillus genus, to have multiple iron uptake systems. This could be an adaption allowing them to respond to different iron concentrations via the use of a multiplicity of different siderophores. Both Leptospirillum spp. and Acidithiobacillus spp. are predicted to synthesize the acid stable citrate siderophore for Fe(III) uptake. In addition, both groups have predicted receptors for siderophores produced by other microorganisms, suggesting that competition for iron occurs influencing the ecophysiology of acidic environments. Little is known about the genetic regulation of iron oxidation and iron uptake in acidophiles, especially how the use of iron as an energy source is balanced with its need to take up iron for metabolism. It is anticipated that integrated and complex regulatory networks sensing different environmental signals, such as the energy source and/or the redox state of the cell as well as the oxygen availability, are involved. © 2011 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Community genomic and proteomic analyses of chemoautotrophic iron-oxidizing "Leptospirillum rubarum" (Group II) and "Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum" (Group III) bacteria in acid mine drainage biofilms.

Daniel Wheeler, Jillian Banfield, Steven Singer … (2009)

We analyzed near-complete population (composite) genomic sequences for coexisting acidophilic iron-oxidizing Leptospirillum group II and III bacteria (phylum Nitrospirae) and an extrachromosomal plasmid from a Richmond Mine, Iron Mountain, CA, acid mine drainage biofilm. Community proteomic analysis of the genomically characterized sample and two other biofilms identified 64.6% and 44.9% of the predicted proteins of Leptospirillum groups II and III, respectively, and 20% of the predicted plasmid proteins. The bacteria share 92% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity and >60% of their genes, including integrated plasmid-like regions. The extrachromosomal plasmid carries conjugation genes with detectable sequence similarity to genes in the integrated conjugative plasmid, but only those on the extrachromosomal element were identified by proteomics. Both bacterial groups have genes for community-essential functions, including carbon fixation and biosynthesis of vitamins, fatty acids, and biopolymers (including cellulose); proteomic analyses reveal these activities. Both Leptospirillum types have multiple pathways for osmotic protection. Although both are motile, signal transduction and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins are more abundant in Leptospirillum group III, consistent with its distribution in gradients within biofilms. Interestingly, Leptospirillum group II uses a methyl-dependent and Leptospirillum group III a methyl-independent response pathway. Although only Leptospirillum group III can fix nitrogen, these proteins were not identified by proteomics. The abundances of core proteins are similar in all communities, but the abundance levels of unique and shared proteins of unknown function vary. Some proteins unique to one organism were highly expressed and may be key to the functional and ecological differentiation of Leptospirillum groups II and III.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc

Journal ID (hwp): ga

Journal ID (pmc): ga

Journal ID (publisher-id): GA

Title: Genome Announcements

Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )

ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287

Publication date (Electronic): 6 November 2014

Publication date Collection: Nov-Dec 2014

Volume: 2

Issue: 6

Electronic Location Identifier: e01153-14

Affiliations

[a ]Fundación Ciência & Vida, Santiago, Chile

[b ]Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres, Bello, Santiago, Chile

[c ]School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

Author notes

Address correspondence to Elizabeth Watkin, e.watkin@ 123456curtin.edu.au .

Article

Publisher ID: genomeA01153-14

DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01153-14

PMC ID: 4223469

PubMed ID: 25377718

SO-VID: fa7fccff-162a-4371-a653-f7f94fbee29d

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

History

Date received : 29 September 2014

Date accepted : 30 September 2014

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Pages: 2

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cover-date November/December 2014

access-type free

ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

Draft Genome Sequence of the Iron-Oxidizing Acidophile Leptospirillum ferriphilum Type Strain DSM 14647

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Most cited references 7

CRISPR-mediated adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea.

Genomic insights into microbial iron oxidation and iron uptake strategies in extremely acidic environments.

Community genomic and proteomic analyses of chemoautotrophic iron-oxidizing "Leptospirillum rubarum" (Group II) and "Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum" (Group III) bacteria in acid mine drainage biofilms.

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