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      Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission of viruses between humans and pigs

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          Abstract

          Humans and pigs share a close contact relationship, similar biological traits, and one of the highest estimated number of viruses compared to other mammalian species. The contribution and directionality of viral exchange between humans and pigs remain unclear for some of these viruses, but their transmission routes are important to characterize in order to prevent outbreaks of disease in both host species. This review collects and assesses the evidence to determine the likely transmission route of 27 viruses between humans and pigs.

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          A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

          Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
          Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
          Article 0 comments Cited 10117 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

            Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)
            Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
            Article 0 comments Cited 9651 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Global trends in emerging infectious diseases

              Kate E. Jones, Nikkita G Patel, Marc A. Levy … (2008)
              The next new disease Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to health: AIDS, SARS, drug-resistant bacteria and Ebola virus are among the more recent examples. By identifying emerging disease 'hotspots', the thinking goes, it should be possible to spot health risks at an early stage and prepare containment strategies. An analysis of over 300 examples of disease emerging between 1940 and 2004 suggests that these hotspots can be accurately mapped based on socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors. The data show that the surveillance effort, and much current research spending, is concentrated in developed economies, yet the risk maps point to developing countries as the more likely source of new diseases. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature06536) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1326 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Helena Aagaard Glud: haaglu@dtu.dk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): APMIS
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): APMIS
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0463
                Journal ID (publisher-id): APM
                Title: Apmis
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0903-4641
                ISSN (Electronic): 1600-0463
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2021
                Publication date (Print): December 2021
                Volume: 129
                Issue: 12 ( doiID: 10.1111/apm.v129.12 )
                Pages: 675-693
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
                [ 2 ] Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Helena Aagaard Glud, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. e‐mail: haaglu@ 123456dtu.dk

                [*]

                These authors have contributed equally.

                Article
                Publisher ID: APM13178
                DOI: 10.1111/apm.13178
                PMC ID: 9297979
                PubMed ID: 34586648
                SO-VID: fd385e39-0f7d-4b9a-be91-e8666b2f6676
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. APMIS published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Societies for Medical Microbiology and Pathology
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 April 2021
                Date accepted : 28 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 18, Words: 12253
                Funding
                Funded by: Novo Nordisk Foundation , doi 10.13039/501100009708;
                Award ID: NNF19OC0056326
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Review Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date December 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:20.07.2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: zoonosis,reverse zoonosis,viruses,pig,human
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Keywords: zoonosis, reverse zoonosis, viruses, pig, human

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