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      Fresh-blood-free diet for rearing malaria mosquito vectors

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          Abstract

          Mosquito breeding depends on the supply of fresh vertebrate blood, a major bottleneck for large-scale production of Anopheles spp. Feeding alternatives to fresh blood are thus a priority for research, outdoor large-cage trials and control interventions. Several artificial meal compositions were tested and Anopheles oogenesis, egg laying and development into the next generation of adult mosquitoes were followed. We identified blood-substitute-diets that supported ovarian development, egg maturation and fertility as well as, low progeny larval mortality, and normal development of offspring into adult mosquitoes. The formulated diet is an effective artificial meal, free of fresh blood that mimics a vertebrate blood meal and represents an important advance for the sustainability of Anopheles mosquito rearing in captivity.

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          G protein-coupled receptors in Anopheles gambiae.

          Catherine Hill, A. Fox, R. Jason Pitts … (2002)
          We used bioinformatic approaches to identify a total of 276 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the Anopheles gambiae genome. These include GPCRs that are likely to play roles in pathways affecting almost every aspect of the mosquito's life cycle. Seventy-nine candidate odorant receptors were characterized for tissue expression and, along with 76 putative gustatory receptors, for their molecular evolution relative to Drosophila melanogaster. Examples of lineage-specific gene expansions were observed as well as a single instance of unusually high sequence conservation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 204 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Open Field Release of Genetically Engineered Sterile Male Aedes aegypti in Malaysia

            Renaud Lacroix, Andrew McKemey, Norzahira Raduan … (2012)
            Background Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease. In the absence of specific drugs or vaccines, control focuses on suppressing the principal mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, yet current methods have not proven adequate to control the disease. New methods are therefore urgently needed, for example genetics-based sterile-male-release methods. However, this requires that lab-reared, modified mosquitoes be able to survive and disperse adequately in the field. Methodology/Principal Findings Adult male mosquitoes were released into an uninhabited forested area of Pahang, Malaysia. Their survival and dispersal was assessed by use of a network of traps. Two strains were used, an engineered ‘genetically sterile’ (OX513A) and a wild-type laboratory strain, to give both absolute and relative data about the performance of the modified mosquitoes. The two strains had similar maximum dispersal distances (220 m), but mean distance travelled of the OX513A strain was lower (52 vs. 100 m). Life expectancy was similar (2.0 vs. 2.2 days). Recapture rates were high for both strains, possibly because of the uninhabited nature of the site. Conclusions/Significance After extensive contained studies and regulatory scrutiny, a field release of engineered mosquitoes was safely and successfully conducted in Malaysia. The engineered strain showed similar field longevity to an unmodified counterpart, though in this setting dispersal was reduced relative to the unmodified strain. These data are encouraging for the future testing and implementation of genetic control strategies and will help guide future field use of this and other engineered strains.
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              Historical applications of induced sterilisation in field populations of mosquitoes

              David A Dame, Christopher Curtis, Mark Q Benedict … (2009)
              Research on sterile mosquito technology from 1955 to the 1980s provided a substantial body of knowledge on propagation and release of sterile mosquitoes. Radiation sterilisation and chemosterilisation have been used effectively to induce dominant lethality and thereby sterilise important mosquito vectors in the laboratory. Experimental releases of chemosterilised males provided complete control of Anopheles albimanus in a small breeding population (14-15 sq km) in El Salvador. Releases of radiation sterilised males failed to control either Aedes aegypti or Anopheles quadrimaculatus in the USA. Releases of radiation-sterilised and chemosterilised male Culex quinquefasciatus in the USA and India were successful in some instances. Development of genetic sexing systems for Anopheles and improved physical separation methods for Culex have made it possible to rear and release males almost exclusively (> 99%) minimizing the release of potential vectors, the females. Factors that affected efficacy in some field programmes included reduction of competitiveness by radiation, immigration of fertilized females from outside the release zones, and inability of laboratory-bred males to perform in the wild. Despite significant progress, institutional commitments to carry the process further were generally lacking in the late 1970s and until recently. Now, with renewed interest and support for further assessment of this technology, this paper summarizes the current knowledge base, prioritizes some areas of investigation, and challenges scientists and administrators to maintain an awareness of progress, remain realistic about the interpretation of new findings, and make decisions about the sterile insect technique on the basis of informed scientific documentation. Areas recommended for priority research status include the establishment of genetic sexing mechanisms that can be transferred to other mosquito species, re-examination of radiation sterilisation, aerial release technology and mass rearing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Henrique Silveira:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-772X
                hsilveira@ihmt.unl.pt
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 December 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 December 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 17807
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000121511713, GRID grid.10772.33, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, , Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, ; Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9693 350X, GRID grid.7157.4, Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, , Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, ; 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0486 0972, GRID grid.418153.a, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, ; Manaus, AM Brazil
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8024 0602, GRID grid.412290.c, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, ; Manaus, AM Brazil
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-0246
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-772X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 35886
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35886-3
                PMC ID: 6292920
                PubMed ID: 30546023
                SO-VID: 0f0b0cfa-84d9-468a-a8a4-7133c02d3772
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 12 April 2018
                Date accepted : 9 November 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000865, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation;
                Award ID: OPP1138841
                Award ID: OPP1138841
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; GHTM – UID/Multi/04413/201
                Funded by: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; CCMAR - UID/Multi/04326/2013, UID/Multi/04326/2013
                Funded by: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, PortugalCCMAR - UID/Multi/04326/2013, SFRH/BPD/89811/2012
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004916, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (Amazonas Research Foundation);
                Award ID: 19716.UNI472.2459.20022014
                Award ID: 19716.UNI472.2459.20022014
                Award ID: 19716.UNI472.2459.20022014
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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