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      Risk of thyroid carcinoma in patients treated surgically with assumed benign cytology in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Translated title: Il rischio di carcinoma tiroideo in pazienti con citologia preoperatoria di benignità a Riyadh, Arabia Saudita

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          SUMMARY

          Objectives

          This study aimed to report the rate of thyroid malignancy in benign fine-needle aspirations (Bethesda II) at King Abdulaziz Medical City and evaluate the factors that affect false-negative outcomes of FNA.

          Methods

          All patients referred for thyroidectomy from 2009 to 2019 were reviewed (n = 1968). Only patients with a benign FNA, corresponding to the Bethesda II, were included (n = 384). Information on age, gender, body mass index (BMI), serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, type of surgery and histopathological outcomes were retrieved.

          Results

          Of the sample (n = 384) with an initial benign FNA, 63 patients had a malignancy on postoperative pathological examination, yielding an overall false-negative rate of 16.4%. The most frequently reported histopathological type was papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (n = 52). For the false-negative group, the mean age was 43.8 years (range 21-70 years) with an 84.1% female predominance. The surgical choice for 74% (n = 46) of cases was total thyroidectomy. Age, gender, thyroid function and BMI did not affect the false-negative rate of benign FNA (p > 0.05).

          Conclusions

          This study found a higher risk of malignancy compared to the literature related to benign FNA. The risk of malignancy should be considered, even with benign FNA.

          RIASSUNTO

          Obiettivi

          Questo studio analizza il rischio di cancro della tiroide in pazienti con citologia preoperatoria di benignità (Bethesda II) sottoposti a chirurgia presso la King Abdulaziz Medical City, valutando i fattori che determinano i risultati falsi negativi agli agoaspirati preoperatori (FNA).

          Metodi

          Sono stati revisionati i dati di tutti i pazienti sottoposti a tiroidectomia dal 2009 al 2019 (n = 1968). Sono stati inclusi solo i pazienti con un FNA benigno, corrispondente al Bethesda II (n = 384). Sono state recuperate informazioni su età, sesso, indice di massa corporea (BMI), TSH sierico, tipo di intervento chirurgico ed esiti istopatologici.

          Risultati

          Del campione (n = 384) con FNA benigno iniziale, 63 pazienti presentavano un tumore maligno all’esame patologico postoperatorio, ottenendo un tasso complessivo di falsi negativi del 16,4%. Il tipo istopatologico più frequentemente riportato è stato il microcarcinoma papillare della tiroide (n = 52). Per il gruppo dei falsi negativi, l’età media era di 43,8 anni (range 21-70 anni) con una predominanza femminile dell’84,1%. La scelta chirurgica per il 74% (n = 46) dei casi è stata la tiroidectomia totale. Età, sesso, funzione tiroidea e BMI non hanno influenzato il tasso di falsi negativi di FNA benigno (p > 0,05).

          Conclusioni

          Questo studio ha indicato un rischio più elevato di malignità rispetto alla letteratura relativa all’FNA benigno. Il rischio di malignità dovrebbe essere considerato, anche con FNA benigno.

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          Most cited references24

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          Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

          Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths). © 2014 UICC.
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            The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.

            The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) established a standardized, category-based reporting system for thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. The 2017 revision reaffirms that every thyroid FNA report should begin with one of six diagnostic categories, the names of which remain unchanged since they were first introduced: (i) nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory; (ii) benign; (iii) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS); (iv) follicular neoplasm or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm; (v) suspicious for malignancy; and (vi) malignant. There is a choice of two different names for some of the categories. A laboratory should choose the one it prefers and use it exclusively for that category. Synonymous terms (e.g., AUS and FLUS) should not be used to denote two distinct interpretations. Each category has an implied cancer risk that ranges from 0% to 3% for the "benign" category to virtually 100% for the "malignant" category, and, in the 2017 revision, the malignancy risks have been updated based on new (post 2010) data. As a function of their risk associations, each category is linked to updated, evidence-based clinical management recommendations. The recent reclassification of some thyroid neoplasms as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) has implications for the risk of malignancy, and this is accounted for with regard to diagnostic criteria and optional notes. Such notes can be useful in helping guide surgical management.
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              International patterns and trends in thyroid cancer incidence, 1973-2002.

              During the past several decades, an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world. To date, no study has compared the trends in thyroid cancer incidence across continents. We examined incidence data from cancer incidence in five continents (CI5) over the 30-year period 1973-2002 from 19 populations in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Thyroid cancer rates have increased from 1973-1977 to 1998-2002 for most of the populations except Sweden, in which the incidence rates decreased about 18% for both males and females. The average increase was 48.0% among males and 66.7% among females. More recently, the age-adjusted international thyroid cancer incidence rates from 1998 to 2002 varied 5-fold for males and nearly 10-fold for females by geographic region. Considerable variation in thyroid cancer incidence was present for every continent but Africa, in which the incidence rates were generally low. Our analysis of published CI5 data suggests that thyroid cancer rates increased between 1973 and 2002 in most populations worldwide, and that the increase does not appear to be restricted to a particular region of the world or by the underlying rates of thyroid cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                AOI
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore Srl
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                30 June 2022
                June 2022
                : 42
                : 3
                : 237-242
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ] College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ] Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [4 ] King Abdullah International Medical Research Center , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Correspondence Manar Alzahrani College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia E-mail: manaralkhatam@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.14639/0392-100X-N1903
                9330754
                35880364
                15a283bd-d5f4-47b7-992b-48ae4266c5bf
                Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the CC-BY-NC-ND (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International) license. The article can be used by giving appropriate credit and mentioning the license, but only for non-commercial purposes and only in the original version. For further information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en

                History
                : 06 November 2021
                : 14 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Thyroid

                Otolaryngology
                thyroid carcinoma,benign cytology,malignancy,fine-needle aspiration,carcinoma tiroideo,citologia benigna,malignità,aspirazione con ago sottile

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