Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS)

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Abstract

MACS performs model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq data generated by short read sequencers.

Abstract

We present Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq data, MACS, which analyzes data generated by short read sequencers such as Solexa's Genome Analyzer. MACS empirically models the shift size of ChIP-Seq tags, and uses it to improve the spatial resolution of predicted binding sites. MACS also uses a dynamic Poisson distribution to effectively capture local biases in the genome, allowing for more robust predictions. MACS compares favorably to existing ChIP-Seq peak-finding algorithms, and is freely available.

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Most cited references 6

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Global variation in copy number in the human genome.

Mandy H. Perry, Daisuke Komura, Fengtang Yang … (2006)

Copy number variation (CNV) of DNA sequences is functionally significant but has yet to be fully ascertained. We have constructed a first-generation CNV map of the human genome through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in Europe, Africa or Asia (the HapMap collection). DNA from these individuals was screened for CNV using two complementary technologies: single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays, and clone-based comparative genomic hybridization. A total of 1,447 copy number variable regions (CNVRs), which can encompass overlapping or adjacent gains or losses, covering 360 megabases (12% of the genome) were identified in these populations. These CNVRs contained hundreds of genes, disease loci, functional elements and segmental duplications. Notably, the CNVRs encompassed more nucleotide content per genome than SNPs, underscoring the importance of CNV in genetic diversity and evolution. The data obtained delineate linkage disequilibrium patterns for many CNVs, and reveal marked variation in copy number among populations. We also demonstrate the utility of this resource for genetic disease studies.

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Genome-wide analysis of estrogen receptor binding sites.

Xuebo Liu, Qianben Wang, Stefan Bekiranov … (2006)

The estrogen receptor is the master transcriptional regulator of breast cancer phenotype and the archetype of a molecular therapeutic target. We mapped all estrogen receptor and RNA polymerase II binding sites on a genome-wide scale, identifying the authentic cis binding sites and target genes, in breast cancer cells. Combining this unique resource with gene expression data demonstrates distinct temporal mechanisms of estrogen-mediated gene regulation, particularly in the case of estrogen-suppressed genes. Furthermore, this resource has allowed the identification of cis-regulatory sites in previously unexplored regions of the genome and the cooperating transcription factors underlying estrogen signaling in breast cancer.

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Genomic binding sites of the yeast cell-cycle transcription factors SBF and MBF.

John P. Brown, D Botstein, E Horak … (2001)

Proteins interact with genomic DNA to bring the genome to life; and these interactions also define many functional features of the genome. SBF and MBF are sequence-specific transcription factors that activate gene expression during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle in yeast. SBF is a heterodimer of Swi4 and Swi6, and MBF is a heterodimer of Mbpl and Swi6 (refs 1, 3). The related Swi4 and Mbp1 proteins are the DNA-binding components of the respective factors, and Swi6 mayhave a regulatory function. A small number of SBF and MBF target genes have been identified. Here we define the genomic binding sites of the SBF and MBF transcription factors in vivo, by using DNA microarrays. In addition to the previously characterized targets, we have identified about 200 new putative targets. Our results support the hypothesis that SBF activated genes are predominantly involved in budding, and in membrane and cell-wall biosynthesis, whereas DNA replication and repair are the dominant functions among MBF activated genes. The functional specialization of these factors may provide a mechanism for independent regulation of distinct molecular processes that normally occur in synchrony during the mitotic cell cycle.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Biol

Title: Genome Biology

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Print): 1465-6906

ISSN (Electronic): 1465-6914

Publication date (Print): 2008

Publication date (Electronic): 17 September 2008

Volume: 9

Issue: 9

Page: R137

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA

[2 ]Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA

[3 ]Gene Security Network, Inc., 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA

[4 ]Molecular Pathology Unit and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA

[5 ]Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA

[6 ]Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

[7 ]Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Article

Publisher ID: gb-2008-9-9-r137

DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-9-r137

PMC ID: 2592715

PubMed ID: 18798982

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS)

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Genome Engineering using CRISPR

Most cited references 6

Global variation in copy number in the human genome.

Genome-wide analysis of estrogen receptor binding sites.

Genomic binding sites of the yeast cell-cycle transcription factors SBF and MBF.

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