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      Inhalable PEGylated Phospholipid Nanocarriers and PEGylated Therapeutics for Respiratory Delivery as Aerosolized Colloidal Dispersions and Dry Powder Inhalers

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          Abstract

          Nanomedicine is making groundbreaking achievements in drug delivery. The versatility of nanoparticles has given rise to its use in respiratory delivery that includes inhalation aerosol delivery by the nasal route and the pulmonary route. Due to the unique features of the respiratory route, research in exploring the respiratory route for delivery of poorly absorbed and systemically unstable drugs has been increasing. The respiratory route has been successfully used for the delivery of macromolecules like proteins, peptides, and vaccines, and continues to be examined for use with small molecules, DNA, siRNA, and gene therapy. Phospholipid nanocarriers are an attractive drug delivery system for inhalation aerosol delivery in particular. Protecting these phospholipid nanocarriers from pulmonary immune system attack by surface modification by polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylation, enhancing mucopenetration by PEGylation, and sustaining drug release for controlled drug delivery are some of the advantages of PEGylated liposomal and proliposomal inhalation aerosol delivery. This review discusses the advantages of using PEGylated phospholipid nanocarriers and PEGylated therapeutics for respiratory delivery through the nasal and pulmonary routes as inhalation aerosols.

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          Most cited references80

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          Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues.

          Mucus is a viscoelastic and adhesive gel that protects the lung airways, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, vagina, eye and other mucosal surfaces. Most foreign particulates, including conventional particle-based drug delivery systems, are efficiently trapped in human mucus layers by steric obstruction and/or adhesion. Trapped particles are typically removed from the mucosal tissue within seconds to a few hours depending on anatomical location, thereby strongly limiting the duration of sustained drug delivery locally. A number of debilitating diseases could be treated more effectively and with fewer side effects if drugs and genes could be more efficiently delivered to the underlying mucosal tissues in a controlled manner. This review first describes the tenacious mucus barrier properties that have precluded the efficient penetration of therapeutic particles. It then reviews the design and development of new mucus-penetrating particles that may avoid rapid mucus clearance mechanisms, and thereby provide targeted or sustained drug delivery for localized therapies in mucosal tissues.
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            Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles.

            Nanoparticle drug delivery to the tumor is impacted by multiple factors: nanoparticles must evade clearance by renal filtration and the reticuloendothelial system, extravasate through the enlarged endothelial gaps in tumors, penetrate through dense stroma in the tumor microenvironment to reach the tumor cells, remain in the tumor tissue for a prolonged period of time, and finally release the active agent to induce pharmacological effect. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, shape, surface charge, surface chemistry (PEGylation, ligand conjugation) and composition affect the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, intratumoral penetration and tumor bioavailability. On the other hand, tumor biology (blood flow, perfusion, permeability, interstitial fluid pressure and stroma content) and patient characteristics (age, gender, tumor type, tumor location, body composition and prior treatments) also have impact on drug delivery by nanoparticles. It is now believed that both nanoparticles and the tumor microenvironment have to be optimized or adjusted for optimal delivery. This review provides a comprehensive summary of how these nanoparticle and biological factors impact nanoparticle delivery to tumors, with discussion on how the tumor microenvironment can be adjusted and how patients can be stratified by imaging methods to receive the maximal benefit of nanomedicine. Perspectives and future directions are also provided. © 2013.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                20 June 2014
                June 2014
                : 6
                : 2
                : 333-353
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ 85721-0202, USA; E-Mails: priyam@ 123456pharmacy.arizona.edu (P.M.); mallory@ 123456pharmacy.arizona.edu (E.M.); malapit@ 123456pharmacy.arizona.edu (M.M.)
                [2 ]Lung and Heart–Lung Transplant Programs, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; E-Mail: hayes.705@ 123456osu.edu
                [3 ]The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
                [4 ]Institute of the Environment, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
                [5 ]National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
                [6 ]The BIO5 Research Institute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mansour@ 123456pharmacy.arizona.edu ; Tel.: +1-520-626-2768; Fax: +1-520-626-7355.
                Article
                pharmaceutics-06-00333
                10.3390/pharmaceutics6020333
                4085602
                24955820
                2fe5c669-3b8f-470a-bb4b-1a0a7a58b603
                © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 04 March 2014
                : 25 April 2014
                : 04 June 2014
                Categories
                Review

                pegylated liposomes,pegylated micelles,sterically stabilized nanoparticles,nasal,lung,aerosol,solid-state pegylated bilayer nanocarriers,pegylated inhalation powders

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