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      Bowel function and inflammation: Is motility the other side of the coin?

      editorial

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          Abstract

          Digestion and intestinal absorption allow the body to sustain itself and are the emblematic functions of the bowel. On the flip side, functions also arise from its role as an interface with the environment. Indeed, the gut houses microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which interact with the host, and is the site of complex immune activities. Its role in human pathology is complex and scientific evidence is progressively elucidating the functions of the gut, especially regarding the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal diseases and inflammatory conditions affecting various organs and systems. This editorial aims to highlight and relate the factors involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic inflammation.

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          Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span

          David Furman, Judith Campisi, Eric Verdin … (2019)
          Although intermittent increases in inflammation are critical for survival during physical injury and infection, recent research has revealed that certain social, environmental and lifestyle factors can promote systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) that can, in turn, lead to several diseases that collectively represent the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present Perspective we describe the multi-level mechanisms underlying SCI and several risk factors that promote this health-damaging phenotype, including infections, physical inactivity, poor diet, environmental and industrial toxicants and psychological stress. Furthermore, we suggest potential strategies for advancing the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of SCI.
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            Genome-wide association analysis identifies variation in vitamin D receptor and other host factors influencing the gut microbiota.

            Jun. Wang, Louise B. Thingholm, Jurgita Skieceviciene … (2016)
            Human gut microbiota is an important determinant for health and disease, and recent studies emphasize the numerous factors shaping its diversity. Here we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the gut microbiota using two cohorts from northern Germany totaling 1,812 individuals. Comprehensively controlling for diet and non-genetic parameters, we identify genome-wide significant associations for overall microbial variation and individual taxa at multiple genetic loci, including the VDR gene (encoding vitamin D receptor). We observe significant shifts in the microbiota of Vdr(-/-) mice relative to control mice and correlations between the microbiota and serum measurements of selected bile and fatty acids in humans, including known ligands and downstream metabolites of VDR. Genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10(-8)) associations at multiple additional loci identify other important points of host-microbe intersection, notably several disease susceptibility genes and sterol metabolism pathway components. Non-genetic and genetic factors each account for approximately 10% of the variation in gut microbiota, whereby individual effects are relatively small.
            Article 0 comments Cited 184 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Interaction Between the Microbiota, Epithelia, and Immune Cells in the Intestine.

              Hisako Kayama, Ryu Okumura, Kiyoshi Takeda (2020)
              The gastrointestinal tract harbors numerous commensal bacteria, referred to as the microbiota, that benefit host health by digesting dietary components and eliminating pathogens. The intestinal microbiota maintains epithelial barrier integrity and shapes the mucosal immune system, balancing host defense and oral tolerance with microbial metabolites, components, and attachment to host cells. To avoid aberrant immune responses, epithelial cells segregate the intestinal microbiota from immune cells by constructing chemical and physical barriers, leading to the establishment of host-commensal mutualism. Furthermore, intestinal immune cells participate in the maintenance of a healthy microbiota community and reinforce epithelial barrier functions. Perturbations of the microbiota composition are commonly observed in patients with autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders. An understanding of the intimate interactions between the intestinal microbiota, epithelial cells, and immune cells that are crucial for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis might promote advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for various diseases.
              Article 0 comments Cited 181 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alba Panarese
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Gastroenterol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): World J Gastroenterol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJG
                Title: World Journal of Gastroenterology
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                ISSN (Print): 1007-9327
                ISSN (Electronic): 2219-2840
                Publication date (Print): 14 April 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 April 2024
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 14
                Pages: 1963-1967
                Affiliations
                Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Medical Sciences, Central Hospital - Azienda Ospedaliera, Taranto 74123, Italy. albapanarese@ 123456libero.it
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Panarese A wrote and revised the manuscript.

                Corresponding author: Alba Panarese, MD, Director, Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Medical Sciences, Central Hospital - Azienda Ospedaliera, Francesco Bruno Street, 1, Taranto 74123, Italy. albapanarese@ 123456libero.it

                Article
                Other ID: jWJG.v30.i14.pg1963 Publisher-manuscript ID: 91582
                DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i14.1963
                PMC ID: 11045487
                SO-VID: 4b97af93-bbd0-411d-ab52-a215a15de621
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 31 December 2023
                Date revision received : 23 January 2024
                Date accepted : 21 March 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Editorial

                Keywords: motility,inflammation,pathogenesis,vitamin d,microbiota,gut,chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
                Data availability:
                Keywords: motility, inflammation, pathogenesis, vitamin d, microbiota, gut, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

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