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      The First Report of Trichinella britovi in Armenia

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          Abstract

          Background:

          More than a hundred species of mammals, birds, and reptiles are infected by nematodes of the Trichinella genus worldwide. Although, Trichinella spp. are widely distributed in neighboring countries including Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iran, no study was conducted in Armenia since 1980’s.

          Methods:

          In 2017–2018, five muscle samples belonging to Armenian lynx, otter, wild boar, fox and wolf were tested for Trichinella spp. and recovered larvae were identified by multiplex PCR technique.

          Results:

          Twenty-six larvae/gram and one larva/gram were found in lynx and fox samples respectively. They were identified as T. britovi.

          Conclusion:

          So far only two species were identified in Armenia, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis, and this is the first time that T. britovi is reported in Armenia.

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          Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis.

          Edoardo Pozio, Bruno Gottstein, Karsten Nöckler (2008)
          Throughout much of the world, Trichinella spp. are found to be the causative agents of human trichinellosis, a disease that not only is a public health hazard by affecting human patients but also represents an economic problem in porcine animal production and food safety. Due to the predominantly zoonotic importance of infection, the main efforts in many countries have focused on the control of Trichinella or the elimination of Trichinella from the food chain. The most important source of human infection worldwide is the domestic pig, but, e.g., in Europe, meats of horses and wild boars have played a significant role during outbreaks within the past 3 decades. Infection of humans occurs with the ingestion of Trichinella larvae that are encysted in muscle tissue of domestic or wild animal meat. Early clinical diagnosis of trichinellosis is rather difficult because pathognomonic signs or symptoms are lacking. Subsequent chronic forms of the disease are not easy to diagnose, irrespective of parameters including clinical findings, laboratory findings (nonspecific laboratory parameters such as eosinophilia, muscle enzymes, and serology), and epidemiological investigations. New regulations laying down rules for official controls for Trichinella in meat in order to improve food safety for consumers have recently been released in Europe. The evidence that the disease can be monitored and to some extent controlled with a rigorous reporting and testing system in place should be motivation to expand appropriate programs worldwide.
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            World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans.

            Edoardo Pozio (2007)
            The etiological agents of human trichinellosis show virtually worldwide distribution in domestic and/or wild animals, with the exception of Antarctica, where the presence of the parasite has not been reported. This global distribution of Trichinella and varying cultural eating habits represent the main factors favouring human infections in industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Human trichinellosis has been documented in 55 (27.8%) countries around the world. In several of these countries, however, trichinellosis affects only ethnic minorities and tourists because the native inhabitants do not consume uncooked meat or meat of some animal species. Trichinella sp. infection has been documented in domestic animals (mainly pigs) and in wildlife of 43 (21.9%) and 66 (33.3%) countries, respectively. Of the 198 countries of the world, approximately 40 (20%) are small islands far from the major continents, or city-states where Trichinella sp. cannot circulate among animals for lack of local fauna (both domestic and wild). Finally, information on the occurrence of Trichinella sp. infection in domestic and/or wildlife is still lacking for 92 countries.
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              Systematics and epidemiology of trichinella.

              K. Murrell, Edoardo Pozio (2005)
              In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the systematics, ecology and epidemiology of Trichinella and trichinellosis, and the impact of recent research discoveries on the understanding of this zoonosis. The epidemiology of this zoonosis has experienced important changes over the past two decades, especially with regard to the importance of the sylvatic cycle and the sylvatic species. Outbreaks of trichinellosis due to Trichinella spiralis from domestic swine, while still frequent, increasingly are caused by other Trichinella spp. infecting hosts such as horses, dogs, wild boars, bears and walruses. The latter revelations have occurred as a result of a series of discoveries on the systematics of Trichinella spp., facilitated by new molecular tools. As a consequence, the genus is now composed of two clades, an encapsulated group (five species and three genotypes) and a non-encapsulated one (three species). This has sparked renewed investigations on the host range of these parasites and their epidemiological features. Most dramatic, perhaps, is the recognition that reptiles may also serve as hosts for certain species. This new knowledge base, in addition to having an important relevance for food safety policies and protection measures, is raising important questions on the phylogeny of Trichinella spp., the ecological characteristics of the species and their geographic histories. Answers to these questions may have great value for the understanding of the evolutionary biology for other parasitic helminths, and may increase the value of this genus as models for research on parasitism in general.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Parasitol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Parasitol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPA
                Journal ID (pmc): IJPA
                Title: Iranian Journal of Parasitology
                Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 1735-7020
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-238X
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Sep 2020
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 452-456
                Affiliations
                [1. ] Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
                [2. ] Molecular Parasitology Research Group, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
                [3. ] World Wildlife Fund-Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
                [4. ] JRU BIPAR, Anses, Alfort Vet School, INRAE, World Animal Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence Email: gregory.karadjian@ 123456anses.fr
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJPA-15-452
                DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4212
                PMC ID: 7548463
                PubMed ID: 33082812
                SO-VID: 5d2a4010-5b14-4c07-8cdd-86c43e8dee5a
                Copyright © Copyright© Iranian Society of Parasitology & Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 04 April 2019
                Date accepted : 10 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: lynx,fox,trichinella britovi,armenia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: lynx, fox, trichinella britovi, armenia

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