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      Anticancer Potential of Lichens’ Secondary Metabolites

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          Abstract

          Lichens produce different classes of phenolic compounds, including anthraquinones, xanthones, dibenzofuranes, depsides and depsidones. Many of them have revealed effective biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibiotics, antifungal, and anticancer. Although no clinical study has been conducted yet, there are number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating anticancer effects of lichen metabolites. The main goal of our work was to review most recent published papers dealing with anticancer activities of secondary metabolites of lichens and point out to their perspective clinical use in cancer management.

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          Flavonoids in Cancer and Apoptosis

          Mariam Abotaleb, Samson Samuel, Elizabeth Varghese … (2018)
          Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Although, there are many different approaches to cancer treatment, they are often painful due to adverse side effects and are sometimes ineffective due to increasing resistance to classical anti-cancer drugs or radiation therapy. Targeting delayed/inhibited apoptosis is a major approach in cancer treatment and a highly active area of research. Plant derived natural compounds are of major interest due to their high bioavailability, safety, minimal side effects and, most importantly, cost effectiveness. Flavonoids have gained importance as anti-cancer agents and have shown great potential as cytotoxic anti-cancer agents promoting apoptosis in cancer cells. In this review, a summary of flavonoids and their effectiveness in cancer treatment targeting apoptosis has been discussed.
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            Anti-cancer activities of tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate in breast cancer patients under radiotherapy.

            S Wang, S.-H. Duan, Jack Zhang … (2012)
            The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that administration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol present in abundance in widely consumed tea, inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis in breast cancer patients. EGCG in 400 mg capsules was orally administered three times daily to breast cancer patients undergoing treatment with radiotherapy. Parameters related to cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis were analyzed while blood samples were collected at different time points to determine efficacy of the EGCG treatment. Compared to patients who received radiotherapy alone, those given radiotherapy plus EGCG for an extended time period (two to eight weeks) showed significantly lower serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and reduced activation of metalloproteinase-9 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP9/MMP2). Addition of sera obtained from patients treated with combination of radiotherapy and EGCG feeding for 2-8 weeks to in vitro cultures of highly-metastatic human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells resulted in the following significant changes: (1) suppression of cell proliferation and invasion; (2) arrest of cell cycles at the G0/G1 phase; (3) reduction of activation of MMP9/MMP2, expressions of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Met receptor, NF-κB, and the phosphorylation of Akt. MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to 5-10 µM EGCG also showed significant augmentation of the apoptosis inducing effects of γ-radiation, concomitant with reduced NF-κB protein level and AKT phosphorylation. These results provide hitherto unreported evidence that EGCG potentiated efficacy of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients, and raise the possibility that this tea polyphenol has potential to be a therapeutic adjuvant against human metastatic breast cancer.
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              Antioxidant Activity and Mechanisms of Action of Natural Compounds Isolated from Lichens: A Systematic Review

              Pollyanna White, Rita Oliveira, Aldeídia Oliveira … (2014)
              Chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases are characterized by an enhanced state of oxidative stress, which may result from the overproduction of reactive species and/or a decrease in antioxidant defenses. The search for new chemical entities with antioxidant profile is still thus an emerging field on ongoing interest. Due to the lack of reviews concerning the antioxidant activity of lichen-derived natural compounds, we performed a review of the antioxidant potential and mechanisms of action of natural compounds isolated from lichens. The search terms “lichens”, “antioxidants” and “antioxidant response elements” were used to retrieve articles in LILACS, PubMed and Web of Science published until February 2014. From a total of 319 articles surveyed, 32 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was observed that the most common isolated compound studied was usnic acid, cited in 14 out of the 32 articles. The most often described antioxidant assays for the study of in vitro antioxidant activity were mainly DPPH, LPO and SOD. The most suggested mechanisms of action were scavenging of reactive species, enzymatic activation and inhibition of iNOS. Thus, compounds isolated from lichens are possible candidates for the management of oxidative stress, and may be useful in the treatment of chronic diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomolecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomolecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biomolecules
                Title: Biomolecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2218-273X
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: January 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 87
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; zuzana.solarova@ 123456upjs.sk
                [2 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; liskova80@ 123456uniba.sk (A.L.); marek.samec@ 123456uniba.sk (M.S.)
                [3 ]Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; peter.kubatka@ 123456uniba.sk
                [4 ]Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Biomedical Centre Martin, Division of Oncology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
                [5 ]Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar; dib2015@ 123456qatar-med.cornell.edu
                [6 ]Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: peter.solar@ 123456upjs.sk ; Tel.: +421-55-234-3278
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4312-5076
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-3366
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-2979
                Article
                Publisher ID: biomolecules-10-00087
                DOI: 10.3390/biom10010087
                PMC ID: 7022966
                PubMed ID: 31948092
                SO-VID: 5de48da6-3a7e-440c-b610-9fc1de0402fd
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 November 2019
                Date accepted : 03 January 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: lichen,secondary metabolites,anticancer,in vitro,in vivo
                Data availability:
                Keywords: lichen, secondary metabolites, anticancer, in vitro, in vivo

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