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      Mutations in XPR1 cause primary familial brain calcification associated with altered phosphate export

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 1 , 1 , 9 , 7 , 7 , 7 , 10 , 9 , 11 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 5 , 18 , 14 , 19 , 15 , 10 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 12 , 23 , 24 , 5 , 25 , 5 , 6 , 26 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 9 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 9
      Nature genetics

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          Abstract

          Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a neurological disease characterized by calcium phosphate deposits in the basal ganglia and other brain regions, thus far associated with SLC20A2, PDGFB, or PDGFRB mutations. We identified in multiple PFBC families mutations in XPR1, a gene encoding a retroviral receptor with phosphate export function. These mutations alter phosphate export, providing a direct evidence of an impact of XPR1 and phosphate homeostasis in PFBC.

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          Most cited references23

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          The emerging importance of the SPX domain-containing proteins in phosphate homeostasis.

          Plant growth and development are strongly influenced by the availability of nutrients in the soil solution. Among them, phosphorus (P) is one of the most essential and most limiting macro-elements for plants. In the environment, plants are often confronted with P starvation as a result of extremely low concentrations of soluble inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the soil. To cope with these conditions, plants have developed a wide spectrum of mechanisms aimed at increasing P use efficiency. At the molecular level, recent studies have shown that several proteins carrying the SPX domain are essential for maintaining Pi homeostasis in plants. The SPX domain is found in numerous eukaryotic proteins, including several proteins from the yeast PHO regulon, involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis. In plants, proteins harboring the SPX domain are classified into four families based on the presence of additional domains in their structure, namely the SPX, SPX-EXS, SPX-MFS and SPX-RING families. In this review, we highlight the recent findings regarding the key roles of the proteins containing the SPX domain in phosphate signaling, as well as providing further research directions in order to improve our knowledge on P nutrition in plants, thus enabling the generation of plants with better P use efficiency. © 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.
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            Mutations in the gene encoding PDGF-B cause brain calcifications in humans and mice.

            Calcifications in the basal ganglia are a common incidental finding and are sometimes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait (idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC)). Recently, mutations in the PDGFRB gene coding for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGF-Rβ) were linked to IBGC. Here we identify six families of different ancestry with nonsense and missense mutations in the gene encoding PDGF-B, the main ligand for PDGF-Rβ. We also show that mice carrying hypomorphic Pdgfb alleles develop brain calcifications that show age-related expansion. The occurrence of these calcium depositions depends on the loss of endothelial PDGF-B and correlates with the degree of pericyte and blood-brain barrier deficiency. Thus, our data present a clear link between Pdgfb mutations and brain calcifications in mice, as well as between PDGFB mutations and IBGC in humans.
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              Mutation of the PDGFRB gene as a cause of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification.

              To identify a new idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC)-causing gene. In a 3-generation family with no SLC20A2 mutation, we performed whole exome sequencing in 2 affected first cousins, once removed. Nonsynonymous coding variants, splice acceptor and donor site variants, and frameshift coding indels (NS/SS/I) were filtered against dbSNP131, the HapMap Project, 1000 Genomes Project, and our in-house database including 72 exomes. Seventeen genes were affected by identical unknown NS/SS/I variations in the 2 patients. After screening the relatives, the p.Leu658Pro substitution within the PDGFRB gene remained the sole unknown mutation segregating with the disease in the family. This variation, which is predicted to be highly damaging, was present in 13 of 13 affected subjects and absent in 8 relatives without calcifications. Sequencing PDGFRB of 19 other unrelated IBGC cases allowed us to detect another potentially pathogenic substitution within PDGFRB, p.Arg987Trp, also predicted to be highly damaging. PDGFRB encodes a protein involved in angiogenesis and in the regulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport in vascular smooth muscle cells via Pit-1, a Pi transporter encoded by SLC20A1. Mutations of PDGFRB further support the involvement of this biological pathway in IBGC pathophysiology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                9216904
                2419
                Nat Genet
                Nat. Genet.
                Nature genetics
                1061-4036
                1546-1718
                26 June 2015
                04 May 2015
                June 2015
                01 December 2015
                : 47
                : 6
                : 579-581
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
                [2 ]Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5535, Montpellier, France
                [3 ]Université de Montpellier, F-34293 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
                [4 ]Laboratories of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris and EpiGenMed, Montpellier, France
                [5 ]Inserm U1079, IRIB, University of Rouen and CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
                [6 ]Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
                [7 ]Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS-IDIS (Hospital Clínico Universitario) and Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-CIBERER (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela). Santiago de Compostela, Spain
                [8 ]Keizo Asami Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
                [9 ]Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
                [10 ]Neurology and Institute for Neurodegenerative diseases, Bordeaux University Hospital, and Bordeaux University, France
                [11 ]Unité de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Bordeaux, France
                [12 ]Division of Medicine, Buriram Hospital, Buriram, Thailand
                [13 ]The Morton and Gloria Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
                [14 ]Medical Genetics Group, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK AB25 2ZD
                [15 ]Translational Neuropharmacology, Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
                [16 ]Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
                [17 ]INSERM, Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, UMR 825, Pole Neurosciences, CHU Purpan, place du Dr Baylac, F-31059 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
                [18 ]Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
                [19 ]Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
                [20 ]Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
                [21 ]Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
                [22 ]Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
                [23 ]Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
                [24 ]Department of Neurology, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, DC, USA
                [25 ]Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
                [26 ]Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
                Author notes
                Corresponding authors: Jean-Luc Battini, PhD, Directeur de Recherche INSERM, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05 - France, Tel: +33 (0)4 34 35 96 40, Fax: +33 (0)4 34 35 96 34, jean-luc.battini@ 123456igmm.cnrs.fr , Giovanni Coppola, MD, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, #3506C Gonda Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, Tel: (310) 794-4172, Fax: (310) 794-9613, gcoppola@ 123456ucla.edu
                [§]

                equal contribution

                [27]

                Current address: Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

                [28]

                Current address: Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Regional Reference Laboratories, Genetics Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA

                Article
                NIHMS679154
                10.1038/ng.3289
                4516721
                25938945
                62eccab5-7bcb-4665-bc94-163d7040b76c
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                Genetics
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