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      MicroRNAs Regulate Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota for Gastrointestinal Health: A Comprehensive Review

      review-article
      Author(s): , , , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Genes
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: microRNA, intestinal immunity, gut microbiome, gastrointestinal disease

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          Abstract

          MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The regulation of microRNA expression in the gut intestine is gradually recognized as one of the crucial contributors of intestinal homeostasis and overall health. Recent studies indicated that both the microRNAs endogenous in the gut intestine and exogenous from diets could play influential roles in modulating microbial colonization and intestinal immunity. In this review, we discuss the biological functions of microRNAs in regulating intestinal homeostasis by modulating intestinal immune responses and gut microbiota. We particularly focus on addressing the microRNA-dependent communication and interactions among microRNA, gut microbiota, and intestinal immune system. Besides, we also summarize the roles of diet-derived microRNAs in host-microbiome homeostasis and their benefits on intestinal health. A better understanding of the relationships among intestinal disorders, microRNAs, and other factors influencing intestinal health can facilitate the application of microRNA-based therapeutics for gastrointestinal diseases.

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          MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function.

          David Bartel (2004)
          MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous approximately 22 nt RNAs that can play important regulatory roles in animals and plants by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Although they escaped notice until relatively recently, miRNAs comprise one of the more abundant classes of gene regulatory molecules in multicellular organisms and likely influence the output of many protein-coding genes.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2566 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

            Cesar Victora, Rajiv Bahl, Aluísio Barros … (2016)
            The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1376 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis.

              Patrick M. Smith, Michael R. Howitt, Nicolai Panikov … (2013)
              Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules that can affect intestinal immune responses, including species that modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor the same bacterial strains, we posited that more prevalent factors exist that regulate the number and function of colonic Tregs. We determined that short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulate the size and function of the colonic Treg pool and protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner in mice. Our study reveals that a class of abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive immune microbiota coadaptation and promotes colonic homeostasis and health.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1224 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genes (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): genes
                Title: Genes
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4425
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 September 2020
                Publication date Collection: September 2020
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1075
                Affiliations
                State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; bdgxbkf@ 123456zju.edu.cn (K.B.); 290516@ 123456zju.edu.cn (X.Z.); 11718164@ 123456zju.edu.cn (W.C.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: diaohy@ 123456zju.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: genes-11-01075
                DOI: 10.3390/genes11091075
                PMC ID: 7564790
                PubMed ID: 32932716
                SO-VID: 6e8638ca-ac08-4f27-947d-33378f83ae4a
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 July 2020
                Date accepted : 09 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: microrna,intestinal immunity,gut microbiome,gastrointestinal disease
                Data availability:
                Keywords: microrna, intestinal immunity, gut microbiome, gastrointestinal disease

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