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      MicroRNAs in Ewing Sarcoma

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged recently as important regulators of gene expression in the cell. Frequently dysregulated in cancer, miRs have shed new light on molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis, and have generated substantial interest as biomarkers, and novel therapeutic agents and targets. Recently, a number of studies have examined miR biology in Ewing sarcoma. Findings indicate that alterations in miR expression in Ewing Sarcoma are widespread, involve both EWS/Ets oncogenic fusion-dependent and independent mechanisms, and contribute to malignant phenotypes. miRs with prognostic potential have been identified, and several preclinical studies suggest that miR manipulation could be therapeutically useful in this aggressive disease. These and future studies of miR biology stand to expand our understanding of Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis, and may identify new biomarkers and treatment options.

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          Most cited references43

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          Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe.

          Megha Ghildiyal, Phillip Zamore (2009)
          Since the discovery in 1993 of the first small silencing RNA, a dizzying number of small RNA classes have been identified, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). These classes differ in their biogenesis, their modes of target regulation and in the biological pathways they regulate. There is a growing realization that, despite their differences, these distinct small RNA pathways are interconnected, and that small RNA pathways compete and collaborate as they regulate genes and protect the genome from external and internal threats.
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            Epigenetics and genetics. MicroRNAs en route to the clinic: progress in validating and targeting microRNAs for cancer therapy.

            Andrea L Kasinski, Frank J Slack (2011)
            In normal cells multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) converge to maintain a proper balance of various processes, including proliferation, differentiation and cell death. miRNA dysregulation can have profound cellular consequences, especially because individual miRNAs can bind to and regulate multiple mRNAs. In cancer, the loss of tumour-suppressive miRNAs enhances the expression of target oncogenes, whereas increased expression of oncogenic miRNAs (known as oncomirs) can repress target tumour suppressor genes. This realization has resulted in a quest to understand the pathways that are regulated by these miRNAs using in vivo model systems, and to comprehend the feasibility of targeting oncogenic miRNAs and restoring tumour-suppressive miRNAs for cancer therapy. Here we discuss progress in using mouse models to understand the roles of miRNAs in cancer and the potential for manipulating miRNAs for cancer therapy as these molecules make their way towards clinical trials.
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              MicroRNAs: synthesis, mechanism, function, and recent clinical trials.

              Fazli Wahid, Adeeb Shehzad, Taous Khan … (2010)
              MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, endogenous RNAs of 21-25 nucleotides (nts) in length. They play an important regulatory role in animals and plants by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation or translation repression. Recent scientific advances have revealed the synthesis pathways and the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in animals and plants. miRNA-based regulation is implicated in disease etiology and has been studied for treatment. Furthermore, several preclinical and clinical trials have been initiated for miRNA-based therapeutics. In this review, the existing knowledge about miRNAs synthesis, mechanisms for regulation of the genome, and their widespread functions in animals and plants is summarized. The current status of preclinical and clinical trials regarding miRNA therapeutics is also reviewed. The recent findings in miRNA studies, summarized in this review, may add new dimensions to small RNA biology and miRNA therapeutics. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Oncol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Oncol.
                Title: Frontiers in Oncology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2234-943X
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 March 2013
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Volume: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 65
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA
                [2] 2Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA
                [3] 3Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA
                [4] 4Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, University of Colorado Denver Aurora, CO, USA
                [5] 5Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA
                [6] 6Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, CO, USA
                [7] 7Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Denver, CO, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Stephen Lessnick, University of Utah, USA

                Reviewed by: William A. May, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Alejandro Sweet-Cordero, Stanford University, USA

                *Correspondence: Paul Jedlicka, Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, MS 8104, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. e-mail: paul.jedlicka@ 123456ucdenver.edu

                †Layne Dylla and Colin Moore have contributed equally to this work.

                This article was submitted to Frontiers in Pediatric Oncology, a specialty of Frontiers in Oncology.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00065
                PMC ID: 3610014
                PubMed ID: 23543617
                SO-VID: 785a99ca-04e5-4c28-a137-5a548b1fc630
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Dylla, Moore and Jedlicka.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

                History
                Date received : 06 February 2013
                Date accepted : 11 March 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 6, Words: 5533
                Categories
                Subject: Oncology
                Subject: Mini Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: micrornas,sarcoma,ewing sarcoma,pathogenesis,prognosis,therapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: micrornas, sarcoma, ewing sarcoma, pathogenesis, prognosis, therapy

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