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      Occurrence of fruiting structures allows determination of Purpureocillium lilacinum as an inciting agent of pleuritis and pneumonia in a loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta) by histopathologic correlation to culture

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          Abstract

          Purpureocillium lilacinum and Beauveria bassiana were isolated from lung sampled at necropsy of a 12 year-old female loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta) that had displayed abnormal buoyancy. Histopathologic evaluation revealed pleuritis and pneumonia with non-melanized, septate hyphae and fruiting structures identical to those of P. lilacinum. This case emphasizes the importance of a histological correlate to fungal culture when environmental fungi are isolated and demonstrates the infrequent phenomenon of fruiting or conidial production in tissue.

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          Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century.

          J. Guarner, M E Brandt (2011)
          Fungal infections are becoming more frequent because of expansion of at-risk populations and the use of treatment modalities that permit longer survival of these patients. Because histopathologic examination of tissues detects fungal invasion of tissues and vessels as well as the host reaction to the fungus, it is and will remain an important tool to define the diagnostic significance of positive culture isolates or results from PCR testing. However, there are very few instances where the morphological characteristics of fungi are specific. Therefore, histopathologic diagnosis should be primarily descriptive of the fungus and should include the presence or absence of tissue invasion and the host reaction to the infection. The pathology report should also include a comment stating the most frequent fungi associated with that morphology as well as other possible fungi and parasites that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Alternate techniques have been used to determine the specific agent present in the histopathologic specimen, including immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and PCR. In addition, techniques such as laser microdissection will be useful to detect the now more frequently recognized dual fungal infections and the local environment in which this phenomenon occurs.
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            Purpureocillium, a new genus for the medically important Paecilomyces lilacinus.

            Jennifer Luangsa-ard, Jos Houbraken, Tineke van Doorn … (2011)
            Paecilomyces lilacinus was described more than a century ago and is a commonly occurring fungus in soil. However, in the last decade this fungus has been increasingly found as the causal agent of infections in man and other vertebrates. Most cases of disease are described from patients with compromised immune systems or intraocular lens implants. In this study, we compared clinical isolates with strains isolated from soil, insects and nematodes using 18S rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) sequences. Our data show that P. lilacinus is not related to Paecilomyces, represented by the well-known thermophilic and often pathogenic Paecilomyces variotii. The new genus name Purpureocillium is proposed for P. lilacinus and the new combination Purpureocillium lilacinum is made here. Furthermore, the examined Purpureocillium lilacinum isolated grouped in two clades based on ITS and partial TEF sequences. The ITS and TEF sequences of the Purpureocillium lilacinum isolates used for biocontrol of nematode pests are identical to those causing infections in (immunocompromised) humans. The use of high concentrations of Purpureocillium lilacinum spores for biocontrol poses a health risk in immunocompromised humans and more research is needed to determine the pathogenicity factors of Purpureocillium lilacinum. 2011 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes

              R Samson, RA Samson, RA SAMSON … (1974)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                S. Frasca Jr.
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Mycol Case Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Mycol Case Rep
                Title: Medical Mycology Case Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-7539
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 September 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 September 2014
                Publication date Collection: October 2014
                Volume: 6
                Pages: 42-45
                Affiliations
                [a ]Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
                [b ]The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk, Norwalk, CT 06854, USA
                [c ]Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, U-3089, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA. Tel.: +1 860 486 1138, +1 860 486 3738; fax: +1 860 486 2794. salvatore.frasca@ 123456uconn.edu
                [1]

                Current address: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S2211-7539(14)00038-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.07.007
                PMC ID: 4216333
                SO-VID: 7ae94a3d-3bb0-425d-a822-b39604aabd64
                Copyright © © 2014 International Society for Human and Animal Mycology
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 June 2014
                Date accepted : 6 July 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: caretta caretta,fruiting body,histopathology,pneumonia,purpureocillium lilacinum,turtle
                Data availability:
                Keywords: caretta caretta, fruiting body, histopathology, pneumonia, purpureocillium lilacinum, turtle

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