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      Interactions of beneficial and detrimental root-colonizing filamentous microbes with plant hosts

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      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Genome Biology
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Understanding commonalities and differences of how symbiotic and parasitic microbes interact with plants will improve advantageous interactions and allow pathogen control strategies in crops. Recently established systems enable studies of root pathogenic and symbiotic interactions in the same plant species.

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          Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants.

          Giles E D Oldroyd (2013)
          Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and either limit their intrusion, in the case of pathogens, or promote the association, in the case of symbionts. To aid in this recognition process, elaborate communication and counter-communication systems have been established that determine the degree of ingress of the microorganism into the host plant. In this Review, I describe the common signalling processes used by plants during mutualistic interactions with microorganisms as diverse as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria.
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            A translocation signal for delivery of oomycete effector proteins into host plant cells.

            Stephen C Whisson, Petra Boevink, Lucy N. Moleleki … (2007)
            Bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens establish disease by translocation of effector proteins into host cells, where they may directly manipulate host innate immunity. In bacteria, translocation is through the type III secretion system, but analogous processes for effector delivery are uncharacterized in fungi and oomycetes. Here we report functional analyses of two motifs, RXLR and EER, present in translocated oomycete effectors. We use the Phytophthora infestans RXLR-EER-containing protein Avr3a as a reporter for translocation because it triggers RXLR-EER-independent hypersensitive cell death following recognition within plant cells that contain the R3a resistance protein. We show that Avr3a, with or without RXLR-EER motifs, is secreted from P. infestans biotrophic structures called haustoria, demonstrating that these motifs are not required for targeting to haustoria or for secretion. However, following replacement of Avr3a RXLR-EER motifs with alanine residues, singly or in combination, or with residues KMIK-DDK--representing a change that conserves physicochemical properties of the protein--P. infestans fails to deliver Avr3a or an Avr3a-GUS fusion protein into plant cells, demonstrating that these motifs are required for translocation. We show that RXLR-EER-encoding genes are transcriptionally upregulated during infection. Bioinformatic analysis identifies 425 potential genes encoding secreted RXLR-EER class proteins in the P. infestans genome. Identification of this class of proteins provides unparalleled opportunities to determine how oomycetes manipulate hosts to establish infection.
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              Two LysM receptor molecules, CEBiP and OsCERK1, cooperatively regulate chitin elicitor signaling in rice

              Takeo Shimizu, Takuto Nakano, Daisuke Takamizawa … (2010)
              Chitin is a major molecular pattern for various fungi, and its fragments, chitin oligosaccharides, are known to induce various defense responses in plant cells. A plasma membrane glycoprotein, CEBiP (chitin elicitor binding protein) and a receptor kinase, CERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase) (also known as LysM-RLK1), were identified as critical components for chitin signaling in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. However, it is not known whether each plant species requires both of these two types of molecules for chitin signaling, nor the relationships between these molecules in membrane signaling. We report here that rice cells require a LysM receptor-like kinase, OsCERK1, in addition to CEBiP, for chitin signaling. Knockdown of OsCERK1 resulted in marked suppression of the defense responses induced by chitin oligosaccharides, indicating that OsCERK1 is essential for chitin signaling in rice. The results of a yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that both CEBiP and OsCERK1 have the potential to form hetero- or homo-oligomers. Immunoprecipitation using a membrane preparation from rice cells treated with chitin oligosaccharides suggested the ligand-induced formation of a receptor complex containing both CEBiP and OsCERK1. Blue native PAGE and chemical cross-linking experiments also suggested that a major portion of CEBiP exists as homo-oligomers even in the absence of chitin oligosaccharides.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Thomas Rey
                Sebastian Schornack
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Biol
                Title: Genome Biology
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Print): 1465-6906
                ISSN (Electronic): 1465-6914
                Publication date (Print): 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 June 2013
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 6
                Page: 121
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
                [2 ]The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
                Article
                Publisher ID: gb-2013-14-6-121
                DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-121
                PMC ID: 3707058
                PubMed ID: 23796072
                SO-VID: 7ea85d6a-451f-4b58-b3a2-78d6fae30db9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd
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                Subject: Opinion

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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