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      G-quadruplex formation within the promoter region of HSPB2 and its effect on transcription

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          Abstract

          G-rich sequences in DNA and RNA tend to fold into stable secondary structures called G-quadruplexes. Except for the telomere region, G-quadruplex-forming sequences are widely present in gene promoters and have been implicated in transcriptional regulation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can disrupt the G-quadruplex structure of a gene promoter. In this study, we confirmed the promoter of HSPB2, a cancer-related gene, tends to form an unusual DNA secondary structure. The dual luciferase assay revealed that the SNP rs2234704 in the HSPB2 promoter with a single G > A mutation increased the transcriptional activity of the HSPB2 promoter. Circular dichroism and native PAGE revealed that the G-rich strand of the DNA in this promoter preferred to form a parallel G-quadruplex, which could be destabilized by the SNP rs2234704 (G > A) mutation. Furthermore, we found that the SNP rs2234704 (G > A) greatly increased and influenced the overexpression of HSPB2 in breast cancer samples. These results suggest SNP rs2234704 (G > A) may play a role in the occurrence of breast cancer by destroying the G-quadruplex structure and promoting the expression of HSPB2.

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)
          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            Cancer genes and the pathways they control.

            Bert Vogelstein, Kenneth W. Kinzler (2004)
            The revolution in cancer research can be summed up in a single sentence: cancer is, in essence, a genetic disease. In the last decade, many important genes responsible for the genesis of various cancers have been discovered, their mutations precisely identified, and the pathways through which they act characterized. The purposes of this review are to highlight examples of progress in these areas, indicate where knowledge is scarce and point out fertile grounds for future investigation.
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              Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: a secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020

              Wei Cao, Hong-Da Chen, Yi-Wen Yu … (2021)
              Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, but its burden is not uniform. GLOBOCAN 2020 has newly updated the estimates of cancer burden. This study summarizes the most recent changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China and compares the cancer data of China with those of other regions. Methods: We conducted a descriptive secondary analysis of the GLOBOCAN 2020 data. To depict the changing global profile of the leading cancer types in 2020 compared with 2018, we extracted the numbers of cases and deaths in 2018 from GLOBOCAN 2018. We also obtained cancer incidence and mortality from the 2015 National Cancer Registry Report in China when sorting the leading cancer types by new cases and deaths. For the leading cancer types according to sex in China, we summarized the estimated numbers of incidence and mortality, and calculated China's percentage of the global new cases and deaths. Results: Breast cancer displaced lung cancer to become the most leading diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020. Lung, liver, stomach, breast, and colon cancers were the top five leading causes of cancer-related death, among which liver cancer changed from the third-highest cancer mortality in 2018 to the second-highest in 2020. China accounted for 24% of newly diagnosed cases and 30% of the cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020. Among the 185 countries included in the database, China's age-standardized incidence rate (204.8 per 100,000) ranked 65th and the age-standardized mortality rate (129.4 per 100,000) ranked 13th. The two rates were above the global average. Lung cancer remained the most common cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death in China. However, breast cancer became the most frequent cancer type among women if the incidence was stratified by sex. Incidences of colorectal cancer and breast cancer increased rapidly. The leading causes of cancer death varied minimally in ranking from 2015 to 2020 in China. Gastrointestinal cancers, including stomach, colorectal, liver, and esophageal cancers, contributed to a massive burden of cancer for both sexes. Conclusions: The burden of breast cancer is increasing globally. China is undergoing cancer transition with an increasing burden of lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and breast cancers. The mortality rate of cancer in China is high. Comprehensive strategies are urgently needed to target China's changing profiles of the cancer burden.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Longquan Xiang
                Miaomiao Zhang
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 January 2024
                Publication date Collection: 30 January 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 January 2024
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e24396
                Affiliations
                [a ]Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jing Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
                [b ]Department of Pathology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
                [c ]Medical Equipment Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
                [d ]Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
                [e ]Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
                [f ]School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jing Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, PR China. zhangmm1992@ 123456yeah.net
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. xianglongquan@ 123456126.com
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(24)00427-4 Publisher ID: e24396
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24396
                PMC ID: 10827768
                PubMed ID: 38298658
                SO-VID: 7f94a84c-fca1-406c-be15-3d16425ab6a4
                Copyright © © 2024 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 April 2023
                Date revision received : 4 January 2024
                Date accepted : 8 January 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: g-quadruplex,hspb2,breast cancer,snp
                Data availability:
                Keywords: g-quadruplex, hspb2, breast cancer, snp

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