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      How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system

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          Abstract

          Microbial colonization of mucosal tissues during infancy plays an instrumental role in the development and education of the host mammalian immune system. These early-life events can have long-standing consequences: facilitating tolerance to environmental exposures or contributing to the development of disease in later life, including inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, and asthma. Recent studies have begun to define a critical period during early development in which disruption of optimal host-commensal interactions can lead to persistent and in some cases irreversible defects in the development and training of specific immune subsets. Here, we discuss the role of early-life education of the immune system during this “window of opportunity,” when microbial colonization has a potentially critical impact on human health and disease.

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          An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system.

          Sarkis Mazmanian, Cui Hua Liu, Arthur O Tzianabos … (2005)
          The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex ecosystem consisting of countless bacteria in homeostasis with the host immune system. Shaped by evolution, this partnership has potential for symbiotic benefit. However, the identities of bacterial molecules mediating symbiosis remain undefined. Here we show that, during colonization of animals with the ubiquitous gut microorganism Bacteroides fragilis, a bacterial polysaccharide (PSA) directs the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system. Comparison with germ-free animals reveals that the immunomodulatory activities of PSA during B. fragilis colonization include correcting systemic T cell deficiencies and T(H)1/T(H)2 imbalances and directing lymphoid organogenesis. A PSA mutant of B. fragilis does not restore these immunologic functions. PSA presented by intestinal dendritic cells activates CD4+ T cells and elicits appropriate cytokine production. These findings provide a molecular basis for host-bacterial symbiosis and reveal the archetypal molecule of commensal bacteria that mediates development of the host immune system.
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            Individuality in gut microbiota composition is a complex polygenic trait shaped by multiple environmental and host genetic factors.

            Andrew Benson, Scott Kelly, Ryan M Legge … (2010)
            In vertebrates, including humans, individuals harbor gut microbial communities whose species composition and relative proportions of dominant microbial groups are tremendously varied. Although external and stochastic factors clearly contribute to the individuality of the microbiota, the fundamental principles dictating how environmental factors and host genetic factors combine to shape this complex ecosystem are largely unknown and require systematic study. Here we examined factors that affect microbiota composition in a large (n = 645) mouse advanced intercross line originating from a cross between C57BL/6J and an ICR-derived outbred line (HR). Quantitative pyrosequencing of the microbiota defined a core measurable microbiota (CMM) of 64 conserved taxonomic groups that varied quantitatively across most animals in the population. Although some of this variation can be explained by litter and cohort effects, individual host genotype had a measurable contribution. Testing of the CMM abundances for cosegregation with 530 fully informative SNP markers identified 18 host quantitative trait loci (QTL) that show significant or suggestive genome-wide linkage with relative abundances of specific microbial taxa. These QTL affect microbiota composition in three ways; some loci control individual microbial species, some control groups of related taxa, and some have putative pleiotropic effects on groups of distantly related organisms. These data provide clear evidence for the importance of host genetic control in shaping individual microbiome diversity in mammals, a key step toward understanding the factors that govern the assemblages of gut microbiota associated with complex diseases.
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              The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development.

              Mercedes Gomez de Agüero, Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg, Tobias Fuhrer … (2016)
              Postnatal colonization of the body with microbes is assumed to be the main stimulus to postnatal immune development. By transiently colonizing pregnant female mice, we show that the maternal microbiota shapes the immune system of the offspring. Gestational colonization increases intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells and F4/80(+)CD11c(+) mononuclear cells in the pups. Maternal colonization reprograms intestinal transcriptional profiles of the offspring, including increased expression of genes encoding epithelial antibacterial peptides and metabolism of microbial molecules. Some of these effects are dependent on maternal antibodies that potentially retain microbial molecules and transmit them to the offspring during pregnancy and in milk. Pups born to mothers transiently colonized in pregnancy are better able to avoid inflammatory responses to microbial molecules and penetration of intestinal microbes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 0404511
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 7473
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Science
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Science
                Title: Science (New York, N.Y.)
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 30 September 2016
                Publication date (Print): 29 April 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 05 October 2016
                Volume: 352
                Issue: 6285
                Pages: 539-544
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                [2 ]Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. rblumberg@ 123456partners.org
                Article
                Accession ID: PMC5050524 Pmcid ID: PMC5050524 Pmc-uid ID: 5050524 Manuscript ID: nihpa820036
                DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9378
                PMC ID: 5050524
                PubMed ID: 27126036
                SO-VID: 9375d827-f8af-4791-a2af-bd3f028c03c7
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