Multidimensional variability of the microbiome of an invasive ascidian species

Summary

Animals, including invasive species, are complex entities consisting of a host and its associated symbionts (holobiont). The interaction between the holobiont components is crucial for the host’s survival. However, our understanding of how microbiomes of invasive species change across different tissues, localities, and ontogenetic stages, is limited. In the introduced ascidian Styela plicata, we found that its microbiome is highly distinct and specialized among compartments (tunic, gill, and gut). Smaller but significant differences were also found across harbors, suggesting local adaptation, and between juveniles and adults. Furthermore, we found a correlation between the microbiome and environmental trace element concentrations, especially in adults. Functional analyses showed that adult microbiomes possess specific metabolic pathways that may enhance fitness during the introduction process. These findings highlight the importance of integrated approaches in studying the interplay between animals and microbiomes, as a first step toward understanding how it can affect the species' invasive success.

Graphical abstract

Highlights

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  Symbiotic microbial community changes with tissue, geography, and ontogenetic stage

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  Two tissue indicator ASV increase in abundance over the ascidian lifespan

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  Trace element levels are significantly higher in adults than in juveniles

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  Tissue and ontogenetic specific microbiomes may enhance the fitness of Styela plicata

Abstract

Environment; Animals; Microbiome