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      Hantavirus del nuevo mundo: Ecología y epidemiología de un virus emergente en latinoamérica Translated title: The New-World Hantaviruses: Ecology and epidemiology of an emerging virus in Latin America

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          Abstract

          Los hantavirus son un grupo de patógenos emergentes (familia Bunyaviridae; género Hantavirus) identificados como agentes etiológicos de la Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal (FHSR) en Europa y Asia y el Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus (SCPH) en las Américas. La FHSR está relacionada con roedores de las subfamilias Murinae y Arvicolinae y el SCPH con roedores de las subfamilias Sigmodontinae y Arvicolinae. Desde la identificación del SCPH en los EE.UU. en 1993, muchos casos de SCPH y un número cada vez mayor de hantavirus y sus roedores reservorios han sido identificados en Centro y Sud América. Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado diferencias notables en las seroprevalencias de anticuerpos en humanos y roedores reservorios que oscilan entre el 1% y más del 40%. Hasta ahora han sido notificados en toda América más de 1500 casos de SCPH y aproximadamente más de 15 variantes de hantavirus genética y serológicamente distintos asociados a roedores sigmodontinos. Las formas clínicas leves-autolimitadas, moderadas y graves de la enfermedad, los antecedentes de transmisión persona a persona y una incidencia mayor de manifestaciones clínicas extrapulmonares que se diferencian de la enfermedad clásica descrita por primera vez en EE.UU., son aspectos importantes sobre la epidemiología de los hantavirus y el SCPH en Latinoamérica; sin embargo, la historia completa de los hantavirus está aún por escribirse, debido a la naturaleza dinámica de estos virus y sus patologías, y a la complejidad de los factores que intervienen en su aparición, establecimiento y diseminación en poblaciones humanas y animales. Latinoamérica continúa representando la porción del continente con una oportunidad única y desafiante para el estudio de la relación de los hantavirus con sus huéspedes reservorios naturales y las interacciones virus-roedor-humano. Probablemente más hantavirus podrían ser descritos en el futuro, y serían necesarios más datos para entender su diversidad y evolución.

          Translated abstract

          The hantaviruses are a group of emerging rodent-borne pathogens (family Bunyaviridae; Genus Hantavirus) that are etiologic agents for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. HFRS is associated with rodents of the family Muridae, subfamilies Murinae and Arvicolinae; HPS is associated with rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae. Since the identification of HCPS in USA in 1993, a large number of cases of HPS and an increasing number of hantaviruses and rodent reservoir hosts have been identified in Central and South America. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated important differences in frequency of infection with hantaviruses in both human and rodent host populations. Antibody prevalences in rodent and human populations may vary from less than 1% to more than 40%. Currently, more than 1500 cases of HCPS have been reported and more than 15 genetically distinct variants of hantaviruses, all associated with sigmodontine rodents, have been identified throughout the Americas. Several characteristics distinguish Latin American HCPS cases from the classical HCPS described for the first time in the USA. These include a variation in severity of disease from moderate and self-limiting to severe, the demonstration of person-to-person transmission, and a somewhat higher incidence of extrapulmonary clinical manifestations in the South American form of HCPS. Nevertheless, our understanding of hantaviruses in the Americas is still far from complete. The factors involved in the dynamics of these viruses in nature, their establishment and transmission within host populations and from hosts to humans, and the variable pathology of these viruses in humans are complex. It is likely that more hantaviruses will be described in the future, and much more data will be required in order to describe the diversity and evolution of this group of pathogens. Latin America, as the center of diversity for Sigmodontine rodents and their hantaviruses is presented with the unique opportunity as well as the challenge of being center stage for continued studies of the dynamics of hantaviruses in natural host populations and the links of host and virus to human populations.

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          Most cited references103

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          Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco.

          In 1995, an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome occurred in the central Paraguayan chaco. The primary reservoir of the virus, Laguna Negra virus, was identified as the vesper mouse, Calomys laucha. Over a 15-month period, we collected 1,090 small mammals at 12 locations representing 4 habitats common in the central Paraguayan chaco. Calomys laucha was common in agricultural habitats and uncommon in the native forest habitat. Populations of C. laucha were greater during the dry season months and declined during the wet season. A total of 643 small mammals were tested for antibodies cross-reactive to Sin Nombre virus. All of the antibody-positive animals were C. laucha (crude antibody prevalence ratio 12.1% [25 of 206]). Antibody prevalence ratio increased with body size and was more common among male (18%; n = 115) than among female (4%; n = 96) vesper mice. Antibody prevalence ratio was highest among animals from cropland habitats (18%; n = 72), followed by thorn scrub (13%; n = 46) and pastureland (7%; n = 81) and may be positively correlated to the proportion of C. laucha in the small mammal community. These data suggest that community-level dynamics, in addition to population-level dynamics, may be involved in the transmission of the virus through natural populations of vesper mice.
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            Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Latin America.

            Noemi Pini (2004)
            Since the identification of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States in 1993, Latin America has been the region of the world where more hantaviruses have been identified, associated with human disease or not. This update shows the advances in the study of hantaviruses in several countries of the region and the problems that are still unresolved. Clinical findings in Chile have shown differences in the classical description of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States. Hemorrhage was observed in 64% of the cases and alteration in renal function in 48%. The classification of cases in mild, self-limited forms and severe forms has a prognostic value, with statistically significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors. Epidemiological studies have shown noticeable differences in seroprevalence of antibodies against hantaviruses in humans, ranging from about 1% to more than 40% according to geographical and ethnical differences. Risk factors continue to be related to rural activities and peridomestic sites. Rodent studies have allowed the identification of putative reservoirs of hantaviruses in Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina and detected antibodies in several rodent species not previously reported in Paraguay and Panama. An Andes virus gene-based hantavirus pulmonary syndrome vaccine is currently under study. Progress in research on hantaviruses has been continuous but slow. The complex picture of the viruses, the rodent reservoirs and the clinical forms of the disease mean researchers are faced with the great challenge of properly clarifying the genetic and pathogenic relationships between hantaviruses in the Americas.
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              Hantavirus: Su distribución geográfica entre los roedores silvestres de Chile

              El primer caso de síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus (SPH) registrado en Chile determinó la necesidad de desarrollar investigaciones en las poblaciones de roedores tendientes a identificar el reservorio de hantavirus en Chile, su distribución y hábitat, así como la distribución del hantavirus dentro de las poblaciones del reservorio. Entre 1996 y 1999 se desarrollaron estudios de reservorios desde la Región Metropolitana a la Región de Aysén. El aislamiento del virus variedad Andes, a partir del Oligorizomys longicaudatus, permite afirmar que, al igual que en la zona sur de Argentina, éste es el reservorio de hantavirus en Chile. La especie Abrothrix longipilis también resulto positiva al aislamiento viral, por lo que estudios posteriores deberán determinar si éste es otro reservorio del virus en el país. Otras tres especies de roedores silvestres resultaron seropositivas al virus lo que se explicaría como una infección transitoria a partir del reservorio. Se pudo constatar la presencia del reservorio en todas las regiones muestreadas, aunque las densidades poblacionales de esta especie son mayores en la zona sur. Existe circulación de hantavirus en toda el área de distribución del reservorio
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires )
                1669-9106
                August 2006
                : 66
                : 4
                : 343-356
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico Colombia
                [2 ] Center for Diseases Control
                [3 ] University of New México USA
                [4 ] Texas Technology University USA
                Article
                S0025-76802006000400013
                e210e289-fe95-474b-959d-32f95c62e9f6

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0025-7680&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Hantaviruses,Ecology,Epidemiology,Emergent virus,Latin America,Hantavirus,Ecología,Epidemiología,Virus emergente,Latinoamérica

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