A wide array of molecular pathways has been investigated during the past decade in order to understand the mechanisms by which the practice of physical exercise promotes neuroprotection and reduces the risk of developing communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases. While a single session of physical exercise may induce a transient imbalance of cell homeostasis, repeated physical exercise sessions will improve immunosurveillance and immunocompetence. Additionally, immune cells from the central nervous system will acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype, protecting central functions from age-induced cognitive decline. This review highlights the exercise-induced anti-inflammatory effect on the prevention or treatment of common chronic clinical and experimental settings. It also suggests the use of pterins in biological fluids as sensitive biomarkers to follow the anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise.
The impact of physical exercise on tissue homeostasis provokes an adaptive response which depends on the type, duration and intensity of the stimuli.
The beneficial consequences of physical exercise on the health outcomes involve the modulation of the immune system.
Regular practice of moderate-intensity physical exercise directs the immune response to an anti-inflammatory status.
The measurement of BH4-related metabolites in biological fluids may represent a feasible way to assess the tissue immune system status.