A deafness-associated tRNA mutation caused pleiotropic effects on the m ¹G37 modification, processing, stability and aminoacylation of tRNA ^Ile and mitochondrial translation

Abstract

Defects in the posttranscriptional modifications of mitochondrial tRNAs have been linked to human diseases, but their pathophysiology remains elusive. In this report, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying a deafness-associated tRNA ^Ile 4295A>G mutation affecting a highly conserved adenosine at position 37, 3′ adjacent to the tRNA’s anticodon. Primer extension and methylation activity assays revealed that the m.4295A>G mutation introduced a tRNA methyltransferase 5 (TRMT5)-catalyzed m ¹G37 modification of tRNA ^Ile. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the m.4295A>G mutation affected tRNA ^Ile structure and function, supported by increased melting temperature, conformational changes and instability of mutated tRNA. An in vitro processing experiment revealed that the m.4295A>G mutation reduced the 5′ end processing efficiency of tRNA ^Ile precursors, catalyzed by RNase P. We demonstrated that cybrid cell lines carrying the m.4295A>G mutation exhibited significant alterations in aminoacylation and steady-state levels of tRNA ^Ile. The aberrant tRNA metabolism resulted in the impairment of mitochondrial translation, respiratory deficiency, decreasing membrane potentials and ATP production, increasing production of reactive oxygen species and promoting autophagy. These demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of m.4295A>G mutation on tRNA ^Ile and mitochondrial functions. Our findings highlighted the essential role of deficient posttranscriptional modifications in the structure and function of tRNA and their pathogenic consequence of deafness.