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      Reciprocal effects of capsaicin and menthol on thermosensation through regulated activities of TRPV1 and TRPM8

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          Abstract

          Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is activated by elevated temperature (>42 °C), and it has been reported that cold temperature decreases capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activity. In contrast, transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is activated by low temperatures and menthol, and heat stimulation suppresses menthol-evoked TRPM8 currents. These findings suggest that the effects of specific agents on TRPV1 and TRPM8 channels are intricately interrelated. We examined the effects of menthol on human (h)TRPV1 and of capsaicin on hTRPM8. hTRPV1 currents activated by heat and capsaicin were inhibited by menthol, whereas hTRPM8 currents activated by cold and menthol were similarly inhibited by capsaicin. An in vivo sensory irritation test showed that menthol conferred an analgesic effect on the sensory irritation evoked by a capsaicin analogue. These results indicate that in our study the agonists of TRPV1 and TRPM8 interacted with both of these channels and suggest that the anti-nociceptive effects of menthol can be partially explained by this phenomenon.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12576-015-0427-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references53

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          The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold.

          Sensory nerve fibres can detect changes in temperature over a remarkably wide range, a process that has been proposed to involve direct activation of thermosensitive excitatory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. One such channel--TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) or cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)--is activated by chemical cooling agents (such as menthol) or when ambient temperatures drop below approximately 26 degrees C, suggesting that it mediates the detection of cold thermal stimuli by primary afferent sensory neurons. However, some studies have questioned the contribution of TRPM8 to cold detection or proposed that other excitatory or inhibitory channels are more critical to this sensory modality in vivo. Here we show that cultured sensory neurons and intact sensory nerve fibres from TRPM8-deficient mice exhibit profoundly diminished responses to cold. These animals also show clear behavioural deficits in their ability to discriminate between cold and warm surfaces, or to respond to evaporative cooling. At the same time, TRPM8 mutant mice are not completely insensitive to cold as they avoid contact with surfaces below 10 degrees C, albeit with reduced efficiency. Thus, our findings demonstrate an essential and predominant role for TRPM8 in thermosensation over a wide range of cold temperatures, validating the hypothesis that TRP channels are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the peripheral nervous system.
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            A TRP channel that senses cold stimuli and menthol.

            A distinct subset of sensory neurons are thought to directly sense changes in thermal energy through their termini in the skin. Very little is known about the molecules that mediate thermoreception by these neurons. Vanilloid Receptor 1 (VR1), a member of the TRP family of channels, is activated by noxious heat. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of TRPM8, a distant relative of VR1. TRPM8 is specifically expressed in a subset of pain- and temperature-sensing neurons. Cells overexpressing the TRPM8 channel can be activated by cold temperatures and by a cooling agent, menthol. Our identification of a cold-sensing TRP channel in a distinct subpopulation of sensory neurons implicates an expanded role for this family of ion channels in somatic sensory detection.
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              ANKTM1, a TRP-like channel expressed in nociceptive neurons, is activated by cold temperatures.

              Mammals detect temperature with specialized neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Four TRPV-class channels have been implicated in sensing heat, and one TRPM-class channel in sensing cold. The combined range of temperatures that activate these channels covers a majority of the relevant physiological spectrum sensed by most mammals, with a significant gap in the noxious cold range. Here, we describe the characterization of ANKTM1, a cold-activated channel with a lower activation temperature compared to the cold and menthol receptor, TRPM8. ANKTM1 is a distant family member of TRP channels with very little amino acid similarity to TRPM8. It is found in a subset of nociceptive sensory neurons where it is coexpressed with TRPV1/VR1 (the capsaicin/heat receptor) but not TRPM8. Consistent with the expression of ANKTM1, we identify noxious cold-sensitive sensory neurons that also respond to capsaicin but not to menthol.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                takaishi-m@mandom.co.jp
                kuchida@nips.ac.jp
                yoshiro@nips.ac.jp
                matsui-h@mandom.co.jp
                shimada-ta@mandom.co.jp
                fujita-f@mandom.co.jp
                tominaga@nips.ac.jp
                Journal
                J Physiol Sci
                J Physiol Sci
                The Journal of Physiological Sciences
                Springer Japan (Tokyo )
                1880-6546
                1880-6562
                8 December 2015
                8 December 2015
                2016
                : 66
                : 143-155
                Affiliations
                [ ]Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787 Japan
                [ ]Mandom Corporation, Osaka, 540-8530 Japan
                [ ]Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
                Article
                427
                10.1007/s12576-015-0427-y
                4752590
                26645885
                8531de7b-7926-45e0-a5f3-e0cf308dfc0f
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 20 June 2015
                : 16 September 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan
                Award ID: 23249012
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © The Physiological Society of Japan and Springer Japan 2016

                Anatomy & Physiology
                menthol,capsaicin,trpv1,trpm8,analgesic
                Anatomy & Physiology
                menthol, capsaicin, trpv1, trpm8, analgesic

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